Traffic modelling in system boundary expansion of road pavement life cycle assessment

This paper uses a case study of a UK inter-urban road, to explore the impact of extending the system boundary of road pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) to include increased traffic emissions due to delays during maintenance. Some previous studies have attempted this but have been limited to hypothetical scenarios or simplified traffic modelling, with no validation or sensitivity analysis. In this study, micro-simulation modelling of traffic was used to estimate emissions caused by delays at road works, for several traffic management options. The emissions were compared to those created by the maintenance operation, estimated using an LCA model. In this case study, the extra traffic emissions caused by delays at road works are relatively small, compared to those from the maintenance process, except for hydrocarbon emissions. However, they are generally close to, or above, the materiality threshold recommended in PAS2050 for estimating carbon footprints, and reach 5–10% when traffic flow levels are increased (hypothetically) or when traffic management is imposed outside times of lowest traffic flow. It is recommended, therefore, that emissions due to traffic disruption at road works should be included within the system boundary of road pavement LCA and carbon footprint studies and should be considered in developing guidelines for environmental product declarations of road pavement maintenance products and services.     

Nonlinear pricing in linear cities with elastic demands

Nonlinear road pricing charges each traveler based on his/her trip’s corresponding particular attribute level. In order to help authorities in designing road pricing systems at a strategic level, this paper attempts to address two fundamental questions: (i) what is the value of pricing’s nonlinearity for mitigating traffic congestion? (ii) if a nonlinear toll function is implemented, should it be convex, concave or other shape? Specifically, we consider distance-based pricing in linear cities. For linear monocentric cities with heterogeneous travelers, we show that the system optimal distance-based pricing indeed exhibits nonlinearity. It is proved that: (i) the cost-based system optimal toll function is monotonically increasing and concave with respect to the traveled distance; (ii) the time-based system optimal toll function always exists and is unique. If the initial proportion of each traveler group is invariant along a corridor and the demand function is of exponential type, then the time-based system optimal toll function enables the travelers, living further away from a city center, to face a lower toll level per unit distance. For a linear polycentric city, we demonstrate: (i) there always exists the system optimal differentiated (in terms of city centers) toll functions; (ii) it is highly possible that the system optimal non-differentiated toll function does not exist. Hence, we further propose an optimal toll design model, prove the Lipschitz continuity of its objective and adopt a global-optimization algorithm to solve it.     

高铁环境下基于QoS用户业务的公平性功率分配算法

鉴于高速铁路(HSRs)通信业务的多样性,侧重于单一类型业务的传输优化方案,已无法满足用户业务服务质量(QoS)差异性显著提升的需求。针对HSRs通信环境,将用户业务分为时延敏感业务和时延非敏感业务,以满足用户QoS需求且同时兼顾占用无线信道的公平性为优化目标,研究了基站(eNB)平均发射功率约束条件下的功率分配问题。根据eNB能否预先获知用户的期望速率,分别采用了基于用户期望和基于预分配的功率分配策略。仿真结果表明,ε-Optimal比例公平算法的eNB发射功率较高且用户满意度较低;信道反演算法只针对时延敏感用户能较好地满足其QoS(最大耐受时延映射的期望速率),并且固定功率分配算法仅能够满足时延非敏感用户的QoS,两种算法均无法保证用户间的公平性;所提算法既具有较高的用户满足度,又较好地保证了用户间的公平性。     

从一起船舶主机拉缸故障谈柴油机润滑油的选用

通过某LPG船一起主机拉缸案例,阐述船舶柴油机润滑油合理选用和管理的重要性,讨论选用润滑油应根据船舶柴油机的型号、燃油品质等具体情况,充分考虑润滑油的黏度等级和碱度。介绍船用柴油机润滑油国内外主要生产商及其相应的产品牌号。     

Formal scientific research of traffic collision data utilizing GIS

This paper explores the tenuous link between speeding behavior and accident causation, one that has not been well established in the international literature to date. Taking advantage of established engineering conventions and formulae, we were able to set up an a priori hypothesis suitable for testing. Utilizing this formal scientific method (which GIS researchers have been criticised for not using) we establish a statistical link for this relationship. Our methodology can be used to support all police intervention strategies, including the controversial photo radar systems. The results from our research have been entered into a GIS in order to create a map for spatial display. This map illustrates the relative probability or risk of collision occurrence resulting from speeding at all intersections and interchanges within the scope of the study. It is suggested that this methodology could easily be maintained with periodic updates of data, thus creating a dynamic model from which to monitor traffic safety within the city. Furthermore, this model can be utilized to study specific strategies, allowing for the scrutiny of before, during and after effects. The study area is the entire city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and includes all traffic collisions occurring during the year of 1994.     

现代大学生公寓电气设计浅析

文章采用文献资料、归纳与综合、专家访谈等研究方法,对现代大学生公寓电气设计进行了系统研究,主要内容包括配电系统、负荷系统、防雷接地、消防系统和智能化五个方面,旨为大学生公寓的电气设计提供有益资讯．     

公交通行能力约束的智能调度优化模型

公交通行能力是解决城市交通拥堵问题、促进城市公共交通系统高效运行的要素之一。介绍了公交通行能力的计算要素,并针对目前我国城市由于盲目调度造成的公交系统运营效率、服务水平下降的问题,提出将公交通行能力作为约束条件对公交调度进行优化。鉴于公交企业制订调度方案时需兼顾公交服务水平和企业效益,将智能调度的目标确定为候车时间满意度、候车空间满意度、车内舒适满意度和企业满意度加权平均值最大,并给出了相应的计算方法。最后讨论了利用遗传算法对模型进行求解的过程。     

舰船电力系统保护性能优化的自适应算法

为满足舰船电力系统保护在快速性和选择性方面的要求,提出保护性能优化模型,根据电力系统的运行方式、拓扑结构和故障类型的变化,实时在线计算并修改保护整定值的自适应保护方法。将快速性和选择性指标作为保护性能综合指标的基本元素,采用模拟退火粒子群算法进行优化,最终实现不同运行工况下保护性能最优的整定值自适应调整。并在PSCAD/EMTDC软件中建立包含自适应保护算法的舰船电力系统保护仿真模型,仿真结果证明所提方法可有效提高系统保护性能。     

知识规则的可信度在游艇产品配置系统中的应用研究

游艇客户在选择配置产品时通常会提出各种个性化需求,因此在构建游艇产品配置系统时,需要对配置结果进行评价,作为客户满意产品的选择依据。在建立客户需求知识库的基础上,结合运用加权法与规则可信度方法,提出了基于加权的产生式规则可信度推理方法,并应用到客户满意度的推理机中,最后通过实例验证在游艇产品配置系统中对客户选择方案集做出最终满意度评估。     

关于船舶UPS的容量估算

伴随着不间断电源(UPS)技术在船舶以及海洋工程项目中的使用日益广泛,人们对不间断电源技术的了解也日益增加。该文通过实船案例结合理论知识详细介绍UPS的工作方式以及UPS的容量确定、蓄电池容量确认等内容。