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二甲醚(DME)具有良好的燃烧性能,可以替代柴油用作清洁的汽车燃料。二甲醚汽车凭借其超低排放的优势,将得到更广泛的应用。文章介绍了二甲醚的物理化学性质、来源以及二甲醚在汽车发动机上的应用。同时指出二甲醚的蒸发压力过高、热值较低、粘度过低等一系列问题以及改进方法和发展方向。指出二甲醚作为替代燃料应用于汽车领域具有很大的优势,应该得到国家相关部门的技术及资金支持。 相似文献
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Recent studies have provided that the vehicle trajectories generated by car-following models may not represent the real driving characteristics, thus leading to significant emission estimation errors. In this paper, two of the most widely used car-following models, Wiedemann and Fritzsche models, were selected and analyzed based on the massive field car-following trajectories in Beijing. A numerical simulation method was designed to generate the following car’s trajectories by using the field trajectories as the input. By comparing the simulated and the filed data, the representativeness of the simulated regime fractions and VSP distributions were evaluated. Then, the mechanism of car-following models was investigated from the aspects of regime determination and the acceleration rule in each regime. Further, the regime threshold parameters and acceleration model were optimized for emission estimations. This study found that the “Following” regime threshold of SDX and the maximum acceleration in “Free Driving” regime are critical parameters for Wiedemann model. The differences between the Wiedemann simulated VSP distribution and the field one can be reduced separately by applying the optimized SDX and maximum acceleration model individually. However, a much sharper reduction was observed by optimizing both parameters simultaneously, and the emission estimation errors were further reduced, which were less than 4% in the case studies. Fritzsche model generated more realistic VSP distributions and emissions, while the maximum accelerations could be further optimized for high speed conditions. 相似文献
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We create a mathematical framework for modeling trucks traveling in road networks, and we define a routing problem called the platooning problem. We prove that this problem is NP-hard, even when the graph used to represent the road network is planar. We present integer linear programming formulations for instances of the platooning problem where deadlines are discarded, which we call the unlimited platooning problem. These allow us to calculate fuel-optimal solutions to the platooning problem for large-scale, real-world examples. The problems solved are orders of magnitude larger than problems previously solved exactly in the literature. We present several heuristics and compare their performance with the optimal solutions on the German Autobahn road network. The proposed heuristics find optimal or near-optimal solutions in most of the problem instances considered, especially when a final local search is applied. Assuming a fuel reduction factor of 10% from platooning, we find fuel savings from platooning of 1–2% for as few as 10 trucks in the road network; the percentage of savings increases with the number of trucks. If all trucks start at the same point, savings of up to 9% are obtained for only 200 trucks. 相似文献
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将无模型自适应控制方法应用于ROV(Remote Operated Vehicle)定深控制当中。该控制方案的设计仅利用ROV的垂向推力输入数据和深度输出数据,用动态线性化时变模型替代ROV非线性系统模型,算法中不包含ROV模型及水动力参数信息。因此,解决了ROV因系统复杂,水动力参数难以确定所导致的控制器设计复杂度高,控制效果不理想的问题。为了便于仿真,本文建立含有补偿参数的ROV简化模型,模型仅用于产生系统的I/O数据,不参与控制器的设计。仿真结果表明,在ROV定深控制当中,无模型自适应控制(Model-free adaptive control,MFAC)比PID控制具有更强的抗扰能力。此外,在欠阻尼ROV系统中,基于偏格式动态线性化的无模型自适应控制(partial form dynamic linearization based Model-free adaptive control,PFDL-MFAC)方案相比于基于紧格式动态线性化的无模型自适应控制(compact form dynamic linearization based Model-free adaptive control,CFDL-MFAC)方案具有更好的控制效果。 相似文献
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Given the upward trend in incidences of road traffic accidents (RTAs) over recent years, in order to mitigate the financial losses arising from such accidents, governments around the world nowadays generally encourage, or even require, drivers to purchase appropriate vehicle insurance. The primary aim of this study is to examine whether RTAs are directly related to the purchase of vehicle insurance, with our examination of data on vehicle damage insurance policyholders revealing that those drivers who purchase more insurance coverage have a higher probability of being involved in accidents, as a result of which, they will tend to submit more claims. This indicates that insurance coverage might contain information which can be used to assess the probability risk levels of RTAs. We also find that drivers with less safety awareness will tend to purchase more coverage, and that those who purchase more coverage will, in turn, tend to have more accidents and submit more claims. Our findings, which provide a number of road traffic policy implications, would appear to justify the use of the bonus–malus system. 相似文献
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This paper introduces a new vehicle routing problem transferring one commodity between customers with a capacitated vehicle that can visit a customer more than once, although a maximum number of visits must be respected. It generalizes the capacitated vehicle routing problem with split demands and some other variants recently addressed in the literature. We model the problem with a single commodity flow formulation and design a branch-and-cut approach to solve it. We make use of Benders Decomposition to project out the flow variables from the formulation. Inequalities to strengthen the linear programming relaxation are also presented and separated within the approach. Extensive computational results illustrate the performance of the approach on benchmark instances from the literature. 相似文献
220.
Once limited to the military domain, unmanned aerial vehicles are now poised to gain widespread adoption in the commercial sector. One such application is to deploy these aircraft, also known as drones, for last-mile delivery in logistics operations. While significant research efforts are underway to improve the technology required to enable delivery by drone, less attention has been focused on the operational challenges associated with leveraging this technology. This paper provides two mathematical programming models aimed at optimal routing and scheduling of unmanned aircraft, and delivery trucks, in this new paradigm of parcel delivery. In particular, a unique variant of the classical vehicle routing problem is introduced, motivated by a scenario in which an unmanned aerial vehicle works in collaboration with a traditional delivery truck to distribute parcels. We present mixed integer linear programming formulations for two delivery-by-drone problems, along with two simple, yet effective, heuristic solution approaches to solve problems of practical size. Solutions to these problems will facilitate the adoption of unmanned aircraft for last-mile delivery. Such a delivery system is expected to provide faster receipt of customer orders at less cost to the distributor and with reduced environmental impacts. A numerical analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the heuristics and investigates the tradeoffs between using drones with faster flight speeds versus longer endurance. 相似文献