Variational principles in water-wave problems (wave radiation conditions and their variational treatment)

To discuss water-wave problems in unlimited waters, it is important to know what type of wave radiation condition should be placed on a virtual surface corresponding to infinity. For this kind of problem, the Sommerfeld radiation condition is well known. In this article, the condition is extended to treat a case with an incident wave. Furthermore, a more general wave radiation condition is introduced from a different point of view. The above-mentioned wave radiation conditions are introduced into the variational principles of the Kelvin, Hellinnger–Reissner, and Dirichlet type. The Dirichlet-type variational principles are then used in numerical calculations for bending waves in a bar, and the effectiveness of the wave radiation conditions and the variational principles is shown. The numerical results for one-dimensional water-wave problems are then given. As expected, the region required for the numerical solution is reduced drastically compared with that required by the Sommerfeld-type formulation. Furthermore, the amplitude of the diverging wave is obtained in the process of reaching the variational solution. Finally, two-dimensional water-wave problems are briefly discussed. Received: August 9, 2001 / Accepted: September 17, 2001     

岸边起重机结构表面防腐涂料的发展趋势

良好的表面防腐涂装对保证岸边起重机金属结构长期安全有效工作十分重要。以氟碳面漆取代聚氨酯面漆,可显著提高漆面的耐久性、耐候性、耐腐蚀性,并具有优异的自清洁性和耐冲刷性。要保证氟碳面漆的优异性能,必须选用合适的树脂原料、颜料、溶剂和助剂,并在涂料的生产和涂装施工过程中严格执行工艺要求。     

冰粒参数对冰粒射流表面清洗性能的影响

根据射流对固体表面冲击时的流动过程分析,得出了冰粒射流对固体表面的作用不仅仅在冲击区,还包括附壁射流区的结论。由于冰粒是冰粒射流的关键,因而选用与冰粒相关的参数即其温度、粒径和流量作为影响因素,在射流的压力、靶距和横移速度一定的情况下,利用建立的冰粒射流系统进行了脱漆正交试验,目的是通过脱漆试验考察冰粒对其射流表面清洗性能的影响。试验数据的方差分析和直观分析表明：冰粒的温度和流量对冰粒射流表面清洗性能的影响是主要的,而粒径的影响是次要的。     

载人潜水器耐压球壳的多目标优化设计

采用基于响应面(RSM)近似模型和遗传算法(GA)对某深海载人潜水器耐压球壳进行多目标优化设计。首先建立深海载人潜水器耐压球壳的结构优化模型,通过试验设计(DOE)获得设计目标的响应特性,拟合得到响应面近似模型,最后采用Pareto遗传算法对响应面模型进行多目标优化求解,得到潜水器耐压球壳的优化设计方案。     

粉质黏土层大直径泥水盾构掘进地层扰动分析

针对盾构机在粉质黏土层中推进引起的地层扰动进行分析尤为重要。以新建京张高铁JZSG-1标段清华园隧道2号～1号盾构区间为例,采用现场实测与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究大直径泥水平衡盾构隧道穿越粉质黏土层引起的地层扰动,得到土体横向水平位移及地表沉降的变化规律。需对横向1.5D范围内地表及建(构)筑物进行地层加固、加强监控量测;在盾构掘进过程中,应根据沉降数据实时调整盾构掘进参数及加固方案,以期更好地控制地表沉降。针对掌子面释放系数和注浆层软化模量进行参数分析数值计算,提出地表沉降的有效控制方法,在条件允许情况下适当提早管片的拼装及适当加快注浆层的硬化速度,可有效控制地表沉降。     

黄土隧道围岩含水率变化及拱架受力特征研究

为了研究黄土隧道围岩含水率和钢拱架应力在施工期间的变化规律,以在建银西高铁董志塬区上阁村隧道为例,采用现场监测方法,对黄土隧道围岩体积含水率变化规律和钢拱架受力特征进行分析研究。结果表明:黄土隧道围岩含水率在时间上呈先增长后平稳的两阶段变化,在空间上表现为拱顶和拱腰位置的含水率总体小于拱脚和仰拱底部的含水率;钢拱架应力在施工期内呈先非线性增大后出现波动最后趋于平稳的三阶段变化规律,在施工期内钢拱架对承受围岩压力、确保大断面黄土隧道围岩稳定性方面发挥着重要作用。建议对大断面黄土隧道在施工期内形成"勤测含水率、重视防排水、加强初支"的管理理念。     

长大隧道贯通误差估算方法

结合大伙房水库输水工程长大隧道,介绍施工测量控制系统的设计思路及其误差所引起的横向、纵向、竖向贯通误差的估算方法,精度预计结果说明本设计方案能满足横向、纵向、竖向贯通误差控制的要求。     

Managing Beach Amenities to Reduce Exposure to Coastal Hazards: Storm Water Pollution

Despite posted warnings and educational campaigns warning about the health risks associated with storm water pollution, swimmers continue to swim in coastal areas polluted by storm water runoff. This study uses a simple spatial model of beach visitation to show how beach amenities and storm drains influence the way in which beach goers choose to locate themselves at beaches in Santa Monica Bay, California. The estimated models indicate that passive means of preventing exposure to marine pollution (e.g., posted signs) could be made significantly more effective if combined with the active management of other beach amenities. Similar methods also could be used to reduce risks to swimmers from other hazards including riptides and boat traffic.     

明挖预制装配式隧道结构拼装精度控制标准研究与制定

明挖装配式隧道结构建造技术的研究和应用在我国尚属起步阶段,拼装精度控制标准是装配式结构建造过程中衡量和控制工程质量的重要尺度,标准的合理制定,关系到工程建设的安全可靠性、经济合理性及实际可操作性。通过拼装精度影响因素分析,提出了理论指标,并结合工程实际应用情况和实测值正态分布曲线的分析和提炼,给出了明挖装配式隧道结构拼装精度主要控制要素的控制标准,包括轴线平面定位偏差、高程定位偏差、构件形位姿态偏差、接缝张开量、结构表面错台量、同一环构件纵向错位量、前后环纵缝平面错位量等允许值,并与明挖现浇隧道、盾构隧道及装配整体式等结构的相关标准进行了对比分析。研究和实际工程应用证明：控制标准总体合理,可作为后续工程建设和相关标准制定的参考。构件制作精度对拼装精度的影响较大,提高构件制作精度,对提高拼装精度具有重要意义;自重压紧方式对控制隧道纵缝张开量最为有利,而控制张拉荷载、提高构件制作精度、控制施工累计误差等,可有效控制隧道环缝张开量;接头设置定位销棒并严格控制定位精度和预留空隙量,对控制结构表面错台量起到关键性作用。     

Fault tolerant nonlinear control with applications to an automated transit bus

This paper presents an integrated structure for a passive and active fault tolerant control (FTC) design approach in the framework of a robust nonlinear control technique called Dynamic Surface Control (DSC). As motivated by the automated vehicle application, we consider two categories of possible faults: pre-specified (a priori) and non-specified faults. It is first shown that DSC can be considered as a passive FTC approach in the sense that it gives simultaneous robust stability to a set of nonlinear systems even in the presence of model uncertainties and the pre-specified faults. Then, the non-specified fault is classified depending on the fault’s impact on the closed-loop system and isolatability from a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) system. If a fault is both intolerable and isolatable, an active FTC approach is taken which includes FDD and controller reconfiguration. More specifically, trajectory reconfiguration is considered to accommodate the actuator fault, i.e., to compensate for the performance loss due to the fault within the framework of a switched hierarchical structure. Finally, the integrated structure for the longitudinal control of an automated transit bus is designed through the proposed method. Simulation results of the fault tolerant controller are shown for both single and multiple multiplicative faults. This controller was implemented on the California PATH transit buses in a demonstration of automated public transportation technology in San Diego, California in August of 2003.