Traffic modelling in system boundary expansion of road pavement life cycle assessment

This paper uses a case study of a UK inter-urban road, to explore the impact of extending the system boundary of road pavement life cycle assessment (LCA) to include increased traffic emissions due to delays during maintenance. Some previous studies have attempted this but have been limited to hypothetical scenarios or simplified traffic modelling, with no validation or sensitivity analysis. In this study, micro-simulation modelling of traffic was used to estimate emissions caused by delays at road works, for several traffic management options. The emissions were compared to those created by the maintenance operation, estimated using an LCA model. In this case study, the extra traffic emissions caused by delays at road works are relatively small, compared to those from the maintenance process, except for hydrocarbon emissions. However, they are generally close to, or above, the materiality threshold recommended in PAS2050 for estimating carbon footprints, and reach 5–10% when traffic flow levels are increased (hypothetically) or when traffic management is imposed outside times of lowest traffic flow. It is recommended, therefore, that emissions due to traffic disruption at road works should be included within the system boundary of road pavement LCA and carbon footprint studies and should be considered in developing guidelines for environmental product declarations of road pavement maintenance products and services.     

The influence of fully nonlinear wave forces on aero-hydro-elastic calculations of monopile wind turbines

The response of an offshore wind turbine tower and its monopile foundation has been investigated when exposed to linear and fully nonlinear irregular waves on four different water depths. The investigation focuses on the consequences of including full nonlinearity in the wave kinematics. The linear and nonlinear irregular wave realizations are calculated using the fully nonlinear potential flow wave model OceanWave3D [1]. The linear and nonlinear wave realizations are compared using both a static analysis on a fixed monopile and dynamic calculations with the aeroelastic code Flex5 [2]. The conclusion from this analysis is that linear wave theory is generally sufficient for estimating the fatigue loading, but wave nonlinearity is important in determining the ultimate design loads.     

Centrifuge modelling of pipe-soil interaction in clay with crust layer

Seabed in regions, such as the Gulf of Guinea and North West Shelf of Australia, may exhibit a crust layer where the undrained shear strength can be an order of magnitude higher than that of the immediately underlying sediment. This can complicate design of steel catenary risers, where fatigue depends on the cyclic vertical stiffness of the pipe-soil interaction. Potential punch-through of the riser into the underlying soft soil may invalidate design assumptions based on the pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer, which exhibits similar properties to an over-consolidated soil, is also poorly understood. This paper describes centrifuge model tests undertaken in a clay sample with a crust layer, simulating the punch-through process of a pipe under load control and investigating the pipe-soil stiffness during long-term cyclic loading tests under displacement control. Results confirm that the potential for punching-through the crust layer depends strongly on the relative ratio of pipe diameter to crust layer thickness. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness showed a steady increase after an initial remoulding stage in contractile soils (normally consolidated and lightly over-consolidated), but a steady reduction in the heavily over-consolidated, more dilatant, crust. The magnitude of pipe-soil stiffness changes (during both remoulding and reconsolidation) is governed by the over-consolidation ratio of the soil and the amplitude of the cyclic displacements. This study provides insights on the relevant cyclic stiffness to consider when assessing SCR fatigue life in over-consolidated soils and soils exhibiting a superficial crust layer.     

Time-domain coupled dynamic simulation for SFT-mooring-train interaction in waves and earthquakes

In this study, Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT)-mooring-train coupled dynamics is solved in the time domain to investigate their dynamic and hydro-elastic interactions under wave and earthquake excitations. The SFT is modeled by the rod-FE (finite element) theory, and it is connected to mooring lines through dummy-connection-mass and linear and rotational springs. A 3D rigid-multi-body dynamic model is developed for train dynamics that consists of seven rigid bodies. The tunnel-train interaction is taken into consideration based on the wheel-rail correspondence assumption and the simplified Kalker linear creep theory. The developed computer simulation program is validated through comparisons with commercial programs and published results when possible. In the case of earthquake-induced dynamics of the coupled system, the effects of soil conditions, tunnel length, mooring interval, seismic-wave propagation, and seaquake are investigated. The magnitudes of the SFT downward motions induced by the moving train are small compared with the motions induced by earthquakes. The earthquake causes transient SFT responses especially at their lowest wet natural frequencies while high-frequency motions are induced by seaquake effect. Structural damping and seismic propagation play an important role in dynamic responses. The interaction of the tunnel and moving train is also evaluated for various train speeds in terms of the derailment and offload factors and riding-comfort criterion. For the given SFT and train designs, the offload factor and riding-comfort criterion can slightly exceed their limits at certain earthquake conditions with the speed as high as 70 m/s, which can be adjusted by reducing train speed.     

中越界河海事执法行为的风险规避

文中通过介绍中越边境河流——北仑河海事现场执法风险，分析执法风险存在的原因、表现形式，结合实际工作体会，探讨界河基层海事执法的风险防范     

离岸式波浪能发电装置锚泊系统研究进展

基于国内外关于波浪能发电装置的锚泊系统研究现状,介绍了锚泊系统的组成,结构形式的分类以及相关的研究方法,并分析各自的优缺点,综合国内外关于波浪能发电装置的锚泊系统的实例,丰富了锚泊系统的设计基础知识,有利于掌握国内外关于波浪能发电装置的锚泊系统方面的最新研究动态,形成科学的系统的设计方案。     

压浪板与游艇航态及阻力性能关系的研究

安装压浪板会在游艇艉部形成局部高压区,产生附加水动升力从而改变游艇的航行姿态,并影响游艇的阻力性能。采用半理论半经验方法分析安装压浪板前后游艇的姿态及阻力变化,研究压浪板对游艇产生影响的作用机理以及二者之间的匹配关系;获得压浪板最佳尺寸及安装角度的计算方法。结合方艉尖舭型游艇实例,验证压浪板在工程应用中的价值。     

港口工程沙土液化判别方法

沙土液化是场地和地基的地震效应的重要内容,我国港口主要采用基于标准贯入试验的沙土液化判别方法以及静力触探等原位测试方法,而欧美、非洲及东南亚大多采用Seed简化法以及基于概率与统计分析的估计方法。通过多种液化判别方法的分析,论证其合理性,针对不同性质的工程合理运用于水运港口工程抗震作用。     

破损船体梁残存强度的有限元计算模型研究

采用Abaqus软件建立多个非线性有限元计算模型,对完整和破损后的船体梁进行非线性有限元计算。通过与Smith方法的结果对比分析,确定船体梁残存强度非线性有限元计算模型和边界条件,并研究破口周围边界对残存强度的影响。     

基于多目标遗传算法的约束阻尼柱壳结构优化

文章为了改进被动约束阻尼柱壳结构的减振特性,解决引入约束阻尼的合理分布问题,提出了一种基于多目标遗传算法的优化设计方法。建立了以振动模态的前两阶损耗因子和引入约束阻尼材料总质量比为优化目标,以约束层、阻尼层厚度和粘弹性材料剪切模量为设计变量的多目标函数。利用遗传算法对 Pareto 最优进行优化选择,避免了对目标函数值的直接计算。通过分析和比较优化前后结构的模态振动频率变化以及幅频响应,表明引入质量太多会影响柱壳结构固有特性,而优化后结构能够避免太多的质量引入,并且具有更好的减振效果。