渤海湾客滚运输分析与展望

近年来随着大量新船相继投入渤海湾客滚运输,渤海湾客滚市场形势也发生了深刻的变化。通过对渤海湾客滚运输发展历程的研究、客滚运输综合情况的分析,力求发现一些当前渤海湾客滚运输中存在的问题,探求渤海湾客滚运输健康发展的趋势：     

马尔代夫群岛与印度洋的海贝贸易

从史前时期开始,马尔代夫群岛出产的海贝就是印度洋地区不少沿岸国家的传统货币,甚至经由缅甸、暹罗和孟加拉等地辗转输入中国,成为我国云南、四川等西南边疆地区的流通货币。本文根据中外相关文献的记载,对马尔代夫群岛海贝的名称、产地、捕捞、加工、运输、互市、贸易航线、马尔代夫帆船和水手、土著王室的垄断、穆斯林商人等问题逐一进行考察。本文认为,历史上马尔代夫群岛的海贝贸易曾经相当繁盛,孟加拉湾与波斯湾分别是印度洋东部航线与西部航线的海贝集散中心,印度的穆斯林商贾则在其中扮演了相当重要的角色。海贝在印度洋沿岸国家的贸易与流动,就像是一张无形的网络,将古代中国的西南腹地整合进了以孟加拉湾为中心的印度洋货币体系,进而说明古代云南和四川等地曾一度是印度洋海洋文明圈的一个不可分割的组成部分。     

Water masses and cyclonic circulation in Bay of La Paz, Gulf of California, during June 1998

The Bay of La Paz, a coastal and shallow basin of the Gulf of California (depth<420 m), exchanges mixed-layer waters with the Gulf of California predominantly through Boca Grande (Big Mouth), in the northeastern part of the bay. Equatorial Surface Water (ESW) flows from the gulf to the bay; once there, due to evaporation processes, this water increases its salinity above 35.00, therefore becoming Gulf of California Water (GCW) Mass. During June 1998, the baroclinic circulation in the bay was dominated by a cyclonic gyre. The hydrographic dome, related to this gyre, is depicted until approximately 150-m depth. However, the vertical mixing of water between the mixed-layer and the ones below practically does not occur because of the development of a sharp pycnocline. This fact and the isolation of the bottom of the bay by a bathymetric sill (approximately 250-m depth) at Boca Grande induce low oxygen content, particularly in the bottom-waters (O₂<0.1 ml/l). Chlorophyll values are higher and with larger vertical fluctuations within the Bay of La Paz than outside.     

乐清湾水动力及泥沙环境特征

基于现场实测水文泥沙资料,对乐清湾水动力条件及泥沙环境进行了研究。乐清湾为半封闭型淤泥质海湾,湾内波浪小、潮差大、深槽流速大、波浪掀沙作用不强、水体含沙量低;乐清湾底质以粉砂质粘土为主,与瓯江口以细砂为主的底质明显不同,乐清湾内水体含沙量也明显低于瓯江口,因此乐清湾受瓯江下泄泥沙直接影响较小,湾内泥沙主要来自近岸浅滩泥沙的就地悬浮搬运。     

杭州湾跨海大桥总体设计

杭州湾跨海大桥工程全长36 km,其中大桥长35.7 km,是世界上最长的跨海大桥。根据本桥规模巨大、水文条件复杂、气象多变、工程地质条件差、海洋腐蚀环境等特定建设条件的需要,杭州湾跨海大桥工程总体设计采用了多项新技术、新工艺、新材料、新设备和新理论,实现了多项桥梁设计技术创新和设计理念创新。     

青岛碱厂温排水对娄山河口附近水环境的影响预测

采用二维有限元数学模型,对青岛碱厂白泥脱硫废水排放在胶州湾水动力作用下夏季和冬季不同温升的扩散范围进行了预测,并根据不同温升的影响范围分析评估对娄山河口附近海洋生物的影响情况。预测结果表明,白泥脱硫废水温升排放,在夏季影响较冬季小,夏季时温升超一、二类水质的面积为0.30 km2,离排放口的最远距离为0.78 km,没有超三、四类水质的水域;冬季时温升超一、二类水质的面积为1.24 km2,离排放口的最远距离为1.82 km,超三、四类水质的水域面积为0.35 km2,离排放口的最远距离为0.81 km。冬季温升较高,会对生态环境产生一定的不利影响。     

湛江湾水文泥沙特性分析

分析了湛江湾的水动力特性、泥沙特性和岸滩演变规律,认为湛江湾具备建设深水大港的良好自然条件.     

On the distribution of dissolved lead in the Loire estuary and the North Biscay continental shelf, France

The dissolved lead was studied in the whole salinity gradient of the system composed of the Loire estuary and the North Biscay continental shelf. About 130 samples were collected in winter 2001 and spring 2002 during Nutrigas and Gasprod campaigns (Programme PNEC-Golfe de Gascogne, RV Thalassa) and metal measurements were conducted on board by Potentiometric Stripping Analysis. In the Loire estuary, levels of dissolved lead ranged from 0.15 to 0.24 nM and from 0.04 to 0.26 nM in winter and spring, respectively. Compared to the concentrations reported in 1987 and 1990 (0.4–1.7 nM; Boutier, B., Chiffoleau, J.F., Auger, D., Truquet, I., 1993. Influence of the Loire river on dissolved lead and cadmium concentrations in coastal waters of Brittany. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 36:133–143, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 36, 133–143) our study indicated much lower values. The fall in concentration in the estuary could be attributed to the stopping of activity of Octel, a big manufacturer of tetra alkyl lead. Discharge in dissolved metal to the continental shelf by the Loire river was assessed as 7.5 and 1.9 kg day^− 1 for winter and spring, respectively. On the continental shelf, levels of dissolved lead varied within 0.06 and 0.27 nM in winter (0.15 ± 0.06 nM, sd = 1.96, n = 49), whereas concentrations measured in spring were in the range 0.06–0.17 nM (0.09 ± 0.03 nM, sd = 1.96, n = 60). This difference in metal concentration was related to the amounts of rainfall that have fallen over the continental shelf: estimations of inputs by this way (74 and 32 kg day^− 1 in winter and spring, respectively) appeared to be significantly higher than inputs from the Loire river (7.5 and 1.9 kg day^− 1 in winter and spring, respectively). The distributions of dissolved metal in the surface waters highlighted the role of suspended particular matter (SPM) for a rapid “trapping” of lead near the mouth of the estuary. The vertical distributions showed, in the stratified area, a biological transfer of lead between winter and spring from surface waters to the halocline.     

象山湾港区规划方案泥沙淤积分析

采用平面二维潮流数学模型,对象山湾港区规划方案实施前后的流场进行了数值模拟,并在此基础上运用泥沙数学模型模拟该区域含沙量场的分布,进而对规划方案泥沙淤积情况进行分析。根据数值模拟和分析的结果对规划方案进行了评价并提出建议。研究结果表明,象山港所在海区泥沙运动以悬沙为主,规划方案实施后对该港区的泥沙运移不会产生大的影响;从潮流和泥沙角度分析,该港区规划方案各码头泊位布局合理。根据研究结果建议象山湾的港区码头宜顺岸布置并坚持深水深用、浅水浅用的原则。     

杭州湾跨海大桥VTS软科学研究

船舶交通管理系统(VTS)是一项牵涉面非常广、极复杂的系统工程，开展软科学研究，是合理规划和科学管理的前提和依据。杭州湾跨海大桥桥区水域建立船舶交通管理系统，条件、情况比较特殊复杂，应该更加重视和加强实现系统功能所必须依赖的软科学研究。