Collaborative Integrated Management in Canada's North: The Role of Local and Traditional Knowledge and Community-Based Monitoring

The objective of this article is to take stock of integrated management in the Canadian North, assessing its contribution to the advancement of knowledge and practice regarding the role of indigenous knowledge and community-based monitoring. This is done in three steps. (1) The Beaufort Sea, designated a Large Ocean Management Area under Canada's Oceans Action Plan, is used as an example of a consultative planning process, with special attention to indigenous peoples. (2) How specifically can indigenous knowledge contribute to integrated management? The problem of Arctic marine food web contamination is used to illustrate the strengths and limitations of traditional ecological knowledge and its relationship to science. (3) The discussion of community-based monitoring relies on Voices From The Bay study involving the Inuit and Cree of Hudson and James Bay, and Inuit observations of climate change study in the Canadian western Arctic. The examples together address integrated coastal management and the health of ocean ecosystems, showing how stakeholder participation and knowledge helps widen the range of knowledge to understand and help monitor environmental change.     

胶州湾隧道浅埋分岔段的设计及施工关键技术

在胶州湾隧道工程中,为满足城市交通规划和区域交通疏导要求,采取设置地下分流匝道的设计方案。双车道匝道隧道与3车道主隧道在地下小角度交汇,形成分岔隧道。由于该分岔隧道段埋深浅、地层条件差、地面环境复杂,给设计和施工带来了不小的难度。通过工程类比、数值模拟分析等方法确定小净距隧道段范围,对变净距并行隧道中夹岩分区段采取扩挖换填混凝土、对拉锚杆等措施;在特大断面隧道段通过预注浆加固地层、加强初期支护,采用台阶分块开挖方案;施工中采用微震爆破技术,较好地保护了围岩,最终成功实现了此浅埋分岔隧道的快速施工。通过现场监控量测数据反馈分析,所采取的支护参数、工程措施、施工方案合理,确保了工程的安全、顺利建成。     

杭州湾北岸地区码头施工技术

杭州湾地区水域自然条件较恶劣,具有潮差大、水流急,受东南风影响风浪明显等特点;码头下部构件标高低,滩涂平缓栈桥长。文章主要针对这些特点以杭州湾的嘉兴港粮食中转库及外海码头工程施工为例,对受影响明显的码头各施工技术要点进行简要分析阐述,并总结经验供本区域类似码头工程施工参照借鉴。     

大直径超长钢管桩制造技术

杭州湾跨海大桥海上引桥大部分采用钢管桩基础,在大规模制桩生产中,解决了大直径超长桩一系列技术难题,形成了一整套较完善的生产工艺。大桥钢管桩制造具有占地面积小、自动化程度高、生产效率高和质量稳定等特点。介绍制桩厂生产布局、流程设计、螺旋法制桩原理和变壁厚钢管桩焊接工艺等。     

Use of SeaWiFS data for light availability and parameter estimation of a phytoplankton production model of the Bay of Biscay

Processing SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) data provides useful information for the observation and modelling of the phytoplankton production of the Bay of Biscay. Empirical algorithms allow the retrieval of chlorophyll a and non-living Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentrations. These data are used to constrain a coupled 3D physical–biogeochemical model of the Bay of Biscay continental shelf. Two issues are investigated, depending on the variable used, to constrain the winter to spring phytoplankton production for the year 2001. First, SPM data is used as forcing data to correct the corresponding state variable of our model. This allows the realistic simulation of the light limited bloom at the end of February 2001, as observed with SeaWiFS chlorophyll a images and from the NUTRIGAS field cruise. Second, chlorophyll a data is used for parameter estimation of the biogeochemical model. The ability of assimilating these data is tested to improve the simulation of strong blooms observed in late May 2001 in the Loire and Gironde plumes. A global optimization method (Evolutive Strategies) is adapted to the complete 3-D coupled model, in order to find the best set of parameters. The hydrological conditions during the bloom can be validated with data from the PEL01 field cruise. After selection of the most sensitive parameters, the method is tested with twin experiments. Then, the use of real SeaWiFS data reduces the model/data misfit by a factor of two, improving the simulation of bloom intensities and extensions. The sets of parameters retrieved in each plume are discussed.     

海上大型预应力混凝土箱梁整孔预制与架设技术

杭州湾跨海大桥海上引桥全部采用70 m先简支后连续的预应力混凝土箱梁。介绍该70 m预应力混凝土箱梁整孔制造、陆上移运、海上运输架设及采用的新材料、新工艺和新设备。     

惠安核电厂取排水口工程海区冲淤演变分析

通过对惠安核电厂取排水口工程海区水文、泥沙及历年地形资料的分析,对该海区的泥沙来源、运移规律以及海床的演变特征和发展趋势进行了研究。     

杭州湾外海沉桩施工技术

阐述海力#801大型打桩船采用S-280型双作用液压锤和GPS卫星定位技术,在杭州湾恶劣的风、浪、流的条件下,下沉超长、超大直径钢管桩的施工技术。     

Characteristics and potential impacts of under-ice river plumes in the seasonally ice-covered Bothnian Bay (Baltic Sea)

The northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, the Bothnian Bay, is ice-covered for about half the year. During this time, distinct under-ice river plumes develop, even seaward of the smallest rivers, that are substantially thicker and larger in extent than during the summer months. Wind mixing is negligible, and during late spring in April or May, the highest annual discharge occur while the sea is ice covered, thus providing conditions for the formation of extensive under-ice plumes. These plumes are characterised by high levels of trace elements (e.g., Al, Fe and Zn), organic matter (TOC and dissolved organic carbon [DOC]), nutrients and also optically active substances (colored dissolved organic matter, CDOM). The under-ice plumes provide an important pathway for undiluted transport of land-derived substances to the pelagic waters of the basin, affecting the salinity, chemistry and optical properties of coastal waters. Freshwater ice growth on the underside of an existing sea ice sheet also restricts the buildup of sea ice and under-ice algal communities, potentially in large areas along the coasts. Plume water influences the optical characteristics of coastal waters for a period of time after ice break-up, potentially affecting primary production in these areas. Furthermore, the formation of under-ice plumes potentially has a positive feedback on the ice season length due to freshening of the coastal waters (earlier freeze-up) and restricted oceanic heat flux (slower melting).