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Public Transport (PT) systems rely more and more on online information extracted from both operator’s intelligent equipment and user’s smartphone applications. This allows for a better fit between supply and demand of the multimodal PT system, especially through the use of PT real-time control actions/tactics. In doing so there is also an opportunity to consider environmental-related issues to approach energy saving and reduced pollution. This study investigates and analyses the benefits of using real-time PT operational tactics in reducing the undesirable environmental impacts. A tactic-based control (TBC) optimization model is used to minimize total passenger travel time and maximize direct transfers (without waiting). The model consists of a control policy built upon a combination of three tactics: holding, skip-stops, and boarding limit. The environmental-related measure is the global warming potential (GWP) using the life cycle assessment technique. The methodology developed is applied to a real life case study in Auckland, New Zealand. Results show that TBC could reduce the GWP by means of reduction of total passenger travel times and vehicle travel cycle time. That is, the TBC model results in a 5.6% reduction in total GWP per day compared with an existing no-tactic scenario. This study supports the use of real-time control actions to maintain a reliable PT service, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and subsequently moving towards greener PT systems. 相似文献
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There have been ongoing debates over whether battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in China’s context, and if yes, whether the greenhouse gas emissions reduction compensates the cost increment. This study informs such debate by examining the life-cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles, and comparing their cost-effectiveness for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The results indicate that under a wide range of vehicle and driving configurations (range capacity, vehicle use intensity, etc.), battery electric vehicles contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared with conventional vehicles, although their current cost-effectiveness is not comparable with hybrid electric vehicles. Driven by grid mix optimization, power generation efficiency improvement, and battery cost reduction, the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles is expected to improve significantly over the coming decade and surpass hybrid electric vehicles. However, considerable uncertainty exists due to the potential impacts from factors such as gasoline price. Based on the analysis, it is recommended that the deployment of battery electric vehicles should be prioritized in intensively-used fleets such as taxis to realize high cost-effectiveness. Technology improvements both in terms of power generation and vehicle electrification are essential in improving the cost-effectiveness of battery electric vehicles. 相似文献
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《铁道标准设计通讯》2019,(12):13-18
川藏铁路沿线存在着众多冰碛堰塞湖,且大部分位于高烈度地震区,堰塞湖溃决洪水成为对线路方案起控制作用的灾害类型,而地震涌浪是导致冰湖溃决的主要诱因之一。目前湖泊地震涌浪计算公式一般忽略湖盆的摩阻效应,对水深较浅且糙率大的冰碛堰塞湖而言,计算值偏小。鉴此,通过开展不同水深、不同地震峰值加速度、不同糙率的振动台造波模型实验,研究湖盆摩阻效应对地震涌浪的影响。根据实验结果,建立考虑摩阻效应的地震涌浪计算公式,并利用漫溢型溃决临界水文条件提出了冰湖溃决判据;最后以川藏铁路帕隆藏布流域为例进行应用说明,从而建立一种与选线原则方案确定阶段精度要求相匹配的冰碛堰塞湖地震涌浪溃决风险评估方法。本文公式考虑湖盆摩阻效应,适用于水深较浅的冰碛堰塞湖,尤其是在大震强震情况下,其计算结果偏安全。 相似文献
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小样本情况下的船舶溢油事故风险评价研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
船舶溢油风险评价是一项复杂的多因素问题,是船舶溢油应急管理的关键环节.作为智能搜索算法的代表理论,BP神经网络被认为是进行不确定风险评价的较好方法之一,然而船舶溢油事故属于小样本事件,统计数据往往难以满足BP神经网络要求的样本容量.针对这一困境,首先提出一种利用B样条最小二乘理论的数据拟合法,显著增加样本数.其次,根据船舶溢油特点建立了基于BP神经网络的船舶溢油风险评价模型.最后以上海港近年发生的10起溢油事故为实例,检验了模型的可行性. 相似文献
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