考虑全寿命管养的桥梁检修孔后开设方案研究

对于运营中的预应力混凝土箱梁桥,受恶劣环境及车辆超载等因素影响,经常会出现各种各样的病害,由于常规的混凝土箱梁一般不设置永久检修孔,此类箱梁内部的病害不能及时发现和处理,为桥梁管养和检修带来困扰。通过对既有混凝土箱梁桥开设永久检修孔,并对开设后梁体的局部受力情况进行有限元分析,提出合理的补强方案,解决箱梁内部检修和养护的需求,为桥梁全寿命周期运营提供安全保障。     

碳纤维增强复合材料电池箱轻量化设计

对某电动汽车的电池箱进行轻量化设计。因上箱体主要作为密封件,故采用结构优化的轻量化方案,而下箱体主要作为承载件,因而采用碳纤维替换原始材料的轻量化方案。在碳纤维结构下箱体的轻量化设计中引入了多目标优化算法。仿真结果表明,所采用的轻量化方案在减轻质量的同时,还有效提高了电池箱的刚度和模态频率。     

Th-derived particulate organic carbon fluxes in the northern Barents Sea with comparison to drifting sediment trap fluxes

Large-volume sampling of ²³⁴Th was conducted to estimate particulate organic carbon (POC) export in conjunction with drifting sediment trap deployments in the northern Barents Sea in July 2003 and May 2005. ²³⁴Th-derived POC fluxes averaged 42.3 ± 39.7 mmol C m^− 2 d^− 1 in 2003 and 47.1 ± 30.6 mmol C m^− 2 d^− 1 in 2005. Sediment trap POC fluxes averaged 13.1 ± 8.2 mmol C m^− 2 d^− 1 in 2003 and 17.3 ± 11.4 mmol C m^− 2 d^− 1 in 2005, but better reflected the transient bloom conditions that were observed at each station within a season. Although ²³⁴Th fluxes agreed within a factor 2 at most stations and depths sampled, sediment trap POC fluxes were lower than large-volume POC flux estimates at almost every station. This may represent an under-collection of POC by the drifting sediment traps or, conversely, an over-collection of POC by the large-volume sampling of ²³⁴Th. It is hypothesized that the offset between the two methods is partly due to the presence of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii, which potentially causes a large variation in > 53-μm POC/²³⁴Th ratios. Due to the large proportion of dissolved carbon or mucilage released by P. pouchetii, and because it is thought that P. pouchetii does not contribute significantly to the vertical export of biogenic matter in the Barents Sea, the application of large-volume sampling of ²³⁴Th may yield relatively high, and possibly inaccurate POC/²³⁴Th ratios. Hence, POC fluxes derived from ²³⁴Th sampling may be inappropriate and drifting sediment traps might be a more reliable method to measure the vertical export of biogenic matter in regions that have recurrent P. pouchetii blooms, such as the Barents Sea.     

Carbon flows in Baltic Sea food webs — a re-evaluation using a mass balance approach

The brackish Baltic Sea has been seen as particularly suitable for studies of food webs. Compared to fully marine ecosystems, it has low species diversity, which means fewer trophic linkages to analyse. The Baltic Sea is also one of the best-studied areas of the world, suggesting that most data requirements for food web models should be fulfilled. Nevertheless, the influence of physical and biological factors on trophic interactions and biogeochemical patterns varies spatially in the Baltic Sea, adding considerable complexity to food web studies. Food web structure and processes can be described and compared quantitatively between areas by estimating the flow of matter or energy through the organisms. Most such models have been based on carbon, though studies of complementary flows of other elements limiting production, such as nitrogen and phosphorus would be desirable. However, since ratios between carbon and other elements are used in calculating these flows, it is crucial, as a first step, to quantify the flows of carbon as accurately as possible.In this study, we used the EcopathII software (ver 3.1) to analyse models of carbon flow through the food webs in the three main areas of the Baltic Sea; the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay. A previously published study on carbon flow in the Baltic Sea [Elmgren, R. 1984. Trophic dynamics in the enclosed, brackish Baltic Sea. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. — Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. (183) 152–169.] was complemented with the data on respiration and flow to detritus [Wulff, F., Ulanowicz, R. 1989. A comparative anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeeake Bay ecosystems. In: F. Wulff, J.G. Field, K.H. Mann (Eds.), Flow Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Theory and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag.] in order to present complete mass balance models of carbon. The purpose of re-evaluating previous models with new analytic tools was to check how well their carbon flows balance, and to provide a basis for improved mass balance models using more recent data, including nutrients other than carbon.The resulting mass balance networks for the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay were shown to deviate from steady state. There was an organic carbon surplus of 45, 25 and 18 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ in the pelagic zones of the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay, respectively. The Ecopath network analysis confirmed that the overall carbon flow was highest in the Baltic proper, somewhat lower in the Bothnian Sea and much lower in the Bothnian Bay. The only clear differences in food web structure between the basins was that the average trophic level was lower for demersal fish in the Bothnian Sea and higher for macrofauna in the Bothnian Bay, compared to the other basins. The analysis showed weakness in our current understanding in Baltic Sea food webs and highlighted areas where improvements could be made with more recent data.     

碳纤维筋喷浆法加固石拱桥技术分析及应用

提出以碳纤维筋和高强聚合物砂浆为补强材料的一种加固石拱桥的新方法。通过对碳纤维筋喷浆加固机理和力学特点的分析,明确了石拱桥偏心受压构件加固补强的计算方法,给出具体实施技术要点,并进行实际工程应用验证。结果表明,碳纤维筋喷浆加固的桥梁可有效提高承载能力,同时也可改善结构的耐久性,有较好的推广应用价值。     

Comparative analysis of the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of 40 electric,plug-in hybrid electric,hybrid electric and internal combustion engine vehicles

This paper analyses the results of the Royal Automobile Clubhallo’s 2011 RAC Future Car Challenge, an annual motoring challenge in which participants seek to consume the least energy possible while driving a 92 km route from Brighton to London in the UK. The results reveal that the vehicle’s power train type has the largest impact on energy consumption and emissions. The traction ratio, defined as the fraction of time spent on the accelerator in relation to the driving time, and the amount of regenerative braking have a significant effect on the individual energy consumption of vehicles. In contrast, the average speed does not have a great effect on a vehicles’ energy consumption in the range 25–70 km/h.     

发射光谱法测定润滑油中主要磨损金属的含量

取1mL搅匀的油样,经电炉干馏,马弗炉灼烧后,得到各金属元素的相应氧化物,采用发射光谱交流电弧光源、小孔粉末制样技术,直接测定主要磨损金属元素铜、铁、锌、铅、铝、铬和硼的含量。测定精度好于10％,分析结果与美国贝尔德公司的FAS-2C型光电直读光谱仪所得数据基本一致。     

基于国六法规的碳罐脱附流量对蒸发排放性能的影响

国内整车排放不断加严,对燃油系统的开发带来了极大的挑战。为了应对国Ⅵ法规对蒸发排放性能的要求,文章以某一车型蒸发排放试验超过限值为引入点,详细分析了影响蒸发排放性能的各个因素,总结出在开发过程中控制蒸发排放性能的方法。     

减磨型碳纤维复合材料受电弓滑板的研制

介绍减磨型碳纤维复合材料电力机车受电弓滑板的设计思路和关键技术,从碳纤维、石墨和树脂等方面进行改进,提高滑板的抗冲击强度,减少滑板断裂、掉块的发生,延长滑板使用寿命,减少由此原因造成的弓网故障。同时介绍了该滑板的技术性能和工艺流程。     

正常年青人的诱发性耳声发射

在现有设备及条件的基础上,建立了一种高灵敏度的诱发性耳声发射(EOAE)测试系统,文中介绍了建立这一系统的具体方法及其测试条件。通过对15人30只听力正常耳的EOAE测试表明,短声和1kHz短音EOAE的检出率为100%,EOAE阈值与主观听阈密切相关,是一种比较理想的客观听力评价方法。该测试系统具有灵敏度高、信噪比大、抗干扰力强等优点,具有较强的实用性。