基于“绿色低碳”理念的城市道路技术要素的探索与实践

为了探究“绿色低碳”背景下,“绿色低碳”城市道路的设计方法,首先,从“绿色低碳”的概念内涵出发,探索城市道路全寿命周期内安全、生态、低碳的技术要素;然后,以某城市道路为案例,阐述“绿色低碳”城市道路技术要素的应用技巧和设计手法,为类似项目提供有益的参考。     

组团式新城规划的低碳交通模式

聚焦组团式新城的内部交通,在“窄路密网”结构的基础上,均衡道路资源以满足绿色出行的愿景。从公交、骑行、步行、其他机动化出行、静态交通和智慧交通等6个方面,系统地提出了组团式新城在迈向低碳生活后的交通模式,可为新城交通的规划设计提供参考。     

道路交通碳排放核算方法研究

通过文献查阅及行业调研,研究道路交通车辆运行阶段的CO₂排放核算方法。分析国内外碳排放核算方法的现状,采用“自上而下”法和“自下而上”法对现阶段道路交通碳排放核算方法进行归纳,并通过总结不同活动数据及排放因子的来源,将其进一步分为基于燃料单位热值排放因子、基于试验测试排放因子、基于道路交通排放核算模型和基于机动车在线监控平台的4类核算方法,提出了现在及未来的应用场景,为道路交通碳排放核算提供理论和方法支撑。     

基于随机退化路网的碳排放收费优化模型

结合随机通行能力退化路网和双参考点累计前景用户择路模型,构建了引导低碳出行的碳排放收费多准则双层优化模型.上层模型以系统碳排放量最少为目标,搜索最优收费路段并识别最优费率.下层模型基于双参考点累积前景用户和随机退化路网,构建综合考虑行程时间、累积到达时间感知价值、过路费和油费的多准则流量分配模型.设计了基于路段碳密度的启发式算法对模型求解,并采用双向 Nguyen Dupuis路网验证了模型和算法的有效性.研究表明,合理设置收费路段和收费标准能够有效降低全网碳排放总量,但若收费标准设置过高,会降低原瓶颈路段的通行能力,并人为制造新的瓶颈,反而使全网碳排放量上升.     

Particle fluxes in the Almeria-Oran Front: control by coastal upwelling and sea surface circulation

Particle flux data were obtained from one instrumented array moored under the direct influence of the Almeria-Oran Front (AOF) in the Eastern Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean Sea, within the frame of the “Mediterranean Targeted Project II-MAss Transfer and Ecosystem Response” (MTPII-MATER) EU-funded research project. The mooring line was deployed from July 1997 to May 1998, and was equipped with three sequential sampling sediment trap-current meter pairs at 645, 1170 and 2210 m (30 m above the seafloor). The settling material was analysed to obtain total mass, organic carbon, opal, calcium carbonate and lithogenic fluxes. Qualitative analyses of SST and SeaWiFS images allowed monitoring the location and development of the Western and Eastern Alboran Sea gyres and associated frontal systems to determine their influence on particle fluxes.Particle flux time series obtained at the three depths showed a downward decrease of the time-weighed total mass flux annual means, thus illustrating the role of pelagic particle settling. The total mass flux was dominated by the lithogenic fraction followed by calcium carbonate, opal and organic carbon. The time series at the various depths were rather similar, with two strong synchronous biogenic peaks (up to 98 mg m⁻² day⁻¹ of organic carbon and 156 mg m⁻² day⁻¹ of opal) recorded in July 1997 and May 1998. Through comparing the fluctuations of the lithogenic and calcium carbonate-rich fluxes with the biogenic flux, we observed that the non-biogenic fluxes remained roughly constant, while the biogenic flux responded strongly to seasonal variations throughout the water column.Overall, the temporal variability of particle fluxes appeared to be linked to the evolution of several tens of kilometres in length sea surface hydrological structures and circulation of the Alboran Sea. Periodic southeastward advective displacements of waters from upwelling events off the southern Spanish coast were observed on SST and SeaWiFS images. In between these periods, widespread phytoplankton blooms were observed. The influence of the varying surface structures resulted in changes in the biogenic particle flux. For example, we observed an opal pulse in April 1998 that resulted from a diatom-rich highly productive frontal surface situation above the mooring line.Estimation of the annual organic carbon export and calculation of a seasonality index indicate that the overall dynamics of the carbon reservoir within the Eastern Alboran Sea appears to be strongly influenced by the sea surface hydrological structures.     

Fe—1.46C钢激光熔凝组织和性能的研究

研究了Ｆｅ－１．４６Ｃ钢的激光熔凝组织和性能。结果表明，其组织可分为熔化区（粗大Ｍ＋大量Ａ＇→细小Ｍ＋Ａ＇）、热影响区（Ｍ＋Ａ＇）和基体（Ｐ）三部分，各区尺寸取决于激光功率、扫描速度和基体温度，熔化区存在碳的烧损和氧化现象，激光处理可得到很好的硬化效果。     

EPS装饰线条在建筑装饰装修中的运用

EPS装饰线条与传统的混凝土装饰线条、GRC装饰线条、石膏装饰线条相比,主要有生产制作简单、现场安装方便容易、环保低碳并能比较贴合反应建筑师设计风格和理念等优点,是符合绿色环保趋势的材料和配件,在建筑工程中极具推广应用价值。     

受电弓滑板用三维网状铜-碳复合材料的研究

利用碳纤维布和铜粉、钛粉、石墨粉等为原料,采用热压成型、烧结等工艺制备三维网状铜-碳复合受电弓滑板。研究受电弓滑板的物理力学性能,利用扫描电镜(SEM)对复合材料的内部结构进行观察,并与当前正在使用的受电弓滑板的性能进行对比。结果表明:铜和碳纤维在空间互成三维网状结构,铜质量分数为40%的复合材料具有较小的电阻率和较好的力学性能。     

碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁徐变后的疲劳性能研究

粘贴碳纤维布加固混凝土梁粘贴界面的长期性能,特别是承受长期荷载后的抗疲劳性能是这种加固方法能否推广应用的关键问题,基于此对碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土梁徐变后的疲劳性能进行了试验研究.研究结果表明:粘贴碳纤维布的钢筋混凝土梁具有良好的疲劳性能,经过相同次数的疲劳荷载后,没有经历徐变过程的加固梁与未加固梁相比,前者的挠度比后者...     

碳纤维导电混凝土的性能研究

以碳纤维为功能导电基元材料制备了碳纤维导电混凝土。探讨了碳纤维导电混凝土的电阻率和28d抗压强度随着碳纤维含量的变化；研究了电阻率随交流电压而变化的情况，分析了不同电压下的电热效应。利用一种趋势计算法近似计算出碳纤维混凝土的热转化效率。试验结果表明：碳纤维的最佳体积含量为1．0％；随着电压的升高，混凝土电阻率减小；碳纤维混凝土通电后产生的热量能够满足冬季路面除冰化雪的需要；趋势计算法计算出的热转化效率最高可达99.5％。