Adapting without Retreating: Responses to Shoreline Change on an Inlet-Associated Coastal Beach

Coastal barrier systems around the world are experiencing higher rates of flooding and shoreline erosion. Property owners on barriers have made significant financial investments in physical protections that shield their nearby properties from these hazards, constituting a type of adaptation to shoreline change. Factors that contribute to adaptation on Plum Island, a developed beach and dune system on the North Shore of Massachusetts, are investigated here. Plum Island experiences patterns of shoreline change that may be representative of many inlet-associated beaches, encompassing an equivocal and dynamically shifting mix of erosion and accretion. In the face of episodic floods and fleeting erosive events, and driven by a combination of strong northeast storms and cycles of erosion and accretion, the value of the average Plum Island residence increases by 34% for properties on the oceanfront where protection comprises a publicly constructed soft structure. Even in the face of state policies that ostensibly discourage physical protection as a means of adaptation, coastal communities face significant political and financial pressures to maintain existing protective structures or to allow contiguous groups of property owners to build new ones through collective action. These factors mitigate against adapting to shoreline change by retreating from the coast, thereby potentially increasing the adverse effects of coastal hazards.     

Risk assessment framework for exposure of cargo and ports to natural hazards and climate extremes

There is an increase in risks and catastrophic losses in maritime transport including ports and cargo. Significant losses have been associated with large scale natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunami, cyclones, and other extreme weather events. This paper identifies the main gaps in understanding maritime risks in transportation research. The gaps are attributed to insufficient empirical work available from the maritime transport and logistics research community to guide multi-risk and natural hazards impact assessment on seaport and cargo. In addition, disaster studies communities have barely made adequate efforts to understand and assess port and cargo risks arising from multi-hazards and disaster events. This paper examines existing conceptual frameworks concerning exposure and risk assessments of natural catastrophe’s impacts. Furthermore, the paper identifies trends and gaps in risk assessment frameworks in the field of disaster studies that can be beneficial for maritime risk research. The authors propose a new risk assessment framework that can guide future research and multi-hazard risk assessment processes at different scales of maritime risks.     

Long-term impact of the Shinkansen on rail and air demand: analysis with data from Northeast Japan

This paper analyses how the high-speed rail construction in Northeast Japan (Tohoku) has affected total demand and interregional travel patterns. We use annual interregional passenger data from 1989 to 2012 and apply regression analysis with the demand between Tokyo and the Tohoku prefectures as the dependent variable. We distinguish particularly between the ‘Full-’ and the ‘Mini-’ Shinkansen, where the latter are branch services running with reduced speed. We find that the ‘Full-Shinkansen’ quickly increases rail and total public transport trips and generates additional rail demand year on year. The ‘Mini-Shinkansen’ impacts are less pronounced. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the Shinkansen has shifted some demand from air to rail once it started operation and increased rail share gradually. We therefore suggest that predictions of demand impacts should carefully distinguish immediate from gradual impacts. We also discuss differences in regional demand in that not all prefectures have gained equally from Shinkansen construction.     

公路绿化工程实施的总结

总结容县至岑溪一级公路梧州段绿化实施的情况。     

中国沙棘种群在沙漠高速公路中的生态适应性研究

沙漠防护一直是沙漠地区修建公路需重点解决的问题之一。本着就地取材和生态适应性的原则,对高速公路通行区域进行了生物防护沙漠试验,分析研究了中国沙棘在沙漠高速公路不同方向路基边坡的种群特征和生态适应性。研究表明,同一坡向中国沙棘种群的生长特征、生物量及其分配格局等均无显著差异,其生态适应性具有趋同性;在北坡和南坡之间,种群的生长特征、生物量及其分配格局等均有显著差异,其生态适应性具有趋异性。在实践中可根据坡向的水分特征和中国沙棘的生物生态学特性,在南坡宜适当加大造林密度,并加强土壤水分管理,以便提高造林效果和促进种群生长发育进程,使其尽早发挥沙漠防护的作用。     

西藏东南部沥青路面常见病害及成因分析

西藏东南部特殊的气候条件引起的沥青路面病害直接影响到路面的使用性能和路面的耐久性,它与沥青混合料类型、混合料的配合比设计、沥青品质、矿料质量、施工方法与材料的均匀性、气候特点、交通条件等有关。通过调研分析了病害与藏东南独特的气候关系,冻土、巨大的昼夜温差、长时间高频率的降雨是造成路面病害的主要因素。     

中国留学生跨文化学业适应困难及应对策略研究

研究以访谈和中国留学生留学经历的报告为基础，分析中国学生在美留学中所遇到的学业问题，并针对这些问题提出应对策略和建议，为中国留学生顺利完成学业提供帮助。     

适应气候变化的经济政策研究

气候变化是当今世界面对的最富有挑战性的问题之一,国际社会应对气候变化主要集中在减缓问题上,且进展缓慢。气候变化的敏感领域也就是适应气候变化的重点领域,包括卫生部门、农牧业、水资源和海岸资源及林业、生态系统和生物多样性等。经济政策可以优化应对气候变化的资源配置,提高社会对气候变化的适应性。本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

2010年重庆市公路发展目标探讨

对重庆市公路发展的问题进行了分析,根据重庆市在我国社会经济发展的格局与区域作用,按比较分析法、公路通达与出行时间法、社会经济适应法,综合探讨2010年左右重庆市基本实现全面小康社会所需求的公路发展目标。     

GSM-R网络中数据业务互联单元的功能和应用

GSM R网络中数据业务互联单元(IWF)具有信令控制与速率适配两大功能,可以实现移动网络与固定网络之间数据业务的互联。速率适配功能是IWF的核心,速率适配的过程基本可以分为速率变换和协议处理两个步骤,给出速率适配的模型描述。并以GSM R网络与铁路ISDN的互联实现车 地间的数据通道为例介绍IWF的具体应用。