Port Decision Maker Perceptions on the Effectiveness of Climate Adaptation Actions

Effective adaptation to climate change impacts is rapidly becoming an important research topic. Hitherto, the perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders on climate adaptation actions are under researched, partly due to the emphasis on physical and engineering aspects during the adaptation planning process. Building on such considerations, the paper explores the perceptions of port decision makers on the effectiveness of climate adaptation actions. The findings suggest that while port decision makers are aware of potential climate change impacts and feel that more adaptation actions should be undertaken, they are skeptical about their effectiveness and value. This is complemented by a regional analysis on the results, suggesting that more tailor-made adaptation measures suited to local circumstances should be developed. The study illustrates the complexity of climate adaptation planning and of involving port decision makers under the current planning paradigm.     

法律文本翻译中译者的选择与顺应

法律文本翻译时译文应忠实于原文,这是法律翻译者必须遵循的一个基本原则。在语言顺应论关照下,译者翻译法律文本时,需要全面考虑相关因素,然后有意识地采用减译法、增译法和变译法等三种方法进行针对性选择与顺应,以使译文忠实于原文,成功地传达原文的法律效力。     

未来气候变化对三峡入库径流影响分析

通过对大气环流模型的计算输出结果分析,利用分布式月水文模型分析未来气候情景下长江上游流域径流的可能变化趋势,进而分析三峡入库径流的变化情况。未来气候情景采用HadCM2模式。建立了分布式月水量平衡模型,模型的模拟精度较高,NASH效率系数达到85.34%。根据长江上游流域未来的气候情景,以降水、平均气温这两个因子作为模型输入,模拟分析未来气候条件下的三峡入库径流变化情况。结果表明:由于气候变化的影响,三峡未来入库径流量在未来30年内呈弱减小趋势,而60年后则呈增大趋势。     

家庭安全氛围对青年驾驶员风险驾驶行为的影响

据数据统计,青年驾驶员是交通事故和交通违规、违章的高发群体.国外研究表明,家庭安全氛围对青年驾驶员的风险驾驶行为有重要影响.在文献总结的基础上,以 177位中国青年驾驶员为研究对象,采用探索性和验证性因素分析方法探索了中国背景下家庭安全氛围的结构维度,进而运用层次回归技术,探讨了家庭安全氛围对风险驾驶行为的影响.结果显示,我国家庭安全氛围呈现清晰的七因子结构,且家庭安全氛围整体、示范维度、承诺维度均对青年驾驶员的风险驾驶行为存在显著的负向预测作用.最后从家庭安全的角度提出了规范青年驾驶员的风险驾驶行为和减少交通事故发生的建议.     

Institutional and Conceptual Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation for Coastal Cultural Heritage

Climate change is increasing the speed at which tangible coastal cultural heritage is changing in character or being lost through weathering, erosion, and inundation. Damages to coastal archeological sites, loss of access to historical sites, and the alteration of cultural landscapes will force changes in the way researchers can study sites, tourists can enjoy places, and descendant communities who have lived in particular areas for time immemorial, and local community members can utilize and relate to landscapes. In the USA, the National Park Service is a primary coastal cultural resource management organization. The National Park Service has been working on climate change adaptation for cultural resources for over a decade; however, there are few examples of parks in which long range climate change adaptation plans for cultural resources have been implemented. Building from 20 semi-structured interviews with cultural resource managers in three parks, we found that institutional structures within the National Park Service, as well as historical conceptual framings specific to the research, recreational, and interpretive values of cultural resources act as barriers to managers’ ability to design and implement climate change adaptation plans. Institutional barriers managers discussed include the dependence of climate change adaptation decisions partnership projects and the leveraging of budgetary and staff resources within NPS that may affect climate change adaptation capacity. We found that park managers often saw impacts in parks that may be associated with climate change, but found it difficult to separate normal maintenance from climate change affected deterioration, which may lead to status quo management actions rather than revised planning for a changing future regime. Conceptual barriers managers discussed revealed a conflict between preservation needs of research versus interpretive uses and while NPS guidance recommends prioritization of cultural resources for preservation at the park level, regional managers were more focused on this topic than park managers. As NPS moves forward with climate change adaptation planning, opportunities to develop and improve cultural resource preservation with new technologies, improved prioritization schemes, and include public input in resource preservation may help coastal managers overcome these barriers.     

Comparison of “Advanced” biofuel cost estimates: Trends during rollout of low carbon fuel policies

Costs of producing “advanced” biofuels (those with the lowest GHG and land use impacts) have not decreased in recent years as envisioned by analysts. Despite aggressive policy incentives, no transition to a lower cost mature industry has occurred. Information about the cost dynamics and slow industry emergence is of major interest to policymakers and others seeking to understand the likely success – and cost – of incentive programs. This paper reviews literature on production cost at the plantgate – without considering taxes or delivery costs – for selected biofuel technology pathways using a levelized cost of fuel approach, applying common financing assumptions for capital amortization and converting all values to year 2016 dollars, and examines results in the current low carbon fuel policy context. The average production cost estimate for cellulosic ethanol was $4 per gallon-gasoline equivalent (gge). For drop-in fuels, the pyrolysis-biocrude-hydro treatment pathway had the lowest average production cost estimate at about $3.25/gge. Biomass to liquid (BTL) production cost estimates averaged $3.80/gge, while hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (HEFA) – the sole fuel studied gaining commercial traction – averaged about $3.70/gge. Estimate ranges did not allow any definitive rank ordering of the fuels by production cost. Production cost estimates are higher in later than in earlier publications for non-HEFA fuels due primarily to higher costs for feedstock and capital expenditure components. This may reflect learning from early but largely unsuccessful commercialization efforts that yielded more realistic (and higher cost) information and detail on feedstock provision and conversion processes.     

Adaptation planning for climate-resilient urban infrastructures

This paper analyzes the interdependency across two critical infrastructures of transportation and motor fueling supply chains, and investigates how vulnerability to climatic extremes in a fueling infrastructure hampers the resilience of a transportation system. The proposed model features both a bi-stage mathematical program and an extension to an ‘α-reliable mean-excess’ regret model. The former aspect allows decision makers to optimize the pre-disaster asset prepositioning against the maximum post-disaster system resilience. The latter aspect of the proposed model devalues the impact of ‘low-probability, high-cost’ sub-scenarios upon model results. The model reveals the reliance of post-disaster urban mobility on the interdependent critical infrastructure of motor fueling supply chains. The results also suggest how investment in the fueling infrastructure’s vulnerable elements protects urban mobility while the transportation network is stressed or under attack.     

主动降低光照强度对暗适应及交通安全的影响

为探索减轻驾驶员暗适应水平的方法,以不同速率主动降低光照强度,并测试光照强度突变为零后驾驶员辨识前方物体时间。建立室内实验环境;测量以不同速率提前降低光照强度的情况下,外界光照强度突变为零后驾驶员辨识前方物体的时间。根据数理统计原理,解析辨识时间与光照强度变化率之间的关系,分析提前改变光照强度对辨识时间的影响,寻找最短辨识时间及其相应的光照强度变化率。实验数据显示,提前降低光照强度7.0s以上与不降低相比,对驾驶员暗适应的作用显著且趋于稳定,驾驶员辨识前方物体时间最多可以减少61.91%。实验结果表明,提前改变光照强度对于短时间内缓解驾驶员暗适应现象有所帮助。     

Regional climate impact of aerosols emitted by transportation modes and potential effects of policies on demand and emissions

The transportation system is one of the main sectors with significant climate impact. In the U.S. it is the second main emitter of carbon dioxide. Its impact in terms of emission of carbon dioxide is well recognized. But a number of aerosol species have a non-negligible impact. The radiative forcing due to these species needs to be quantified. A radiative transfer code is used. Remote sensing data is retrieved to characterize different regions. The radiative forcing efficiency for black carbon are 396 ± 200 W/m²/AOD for the ground mode and 531 ± 190 W/m²/AOD for the air transportation, under clear sky conditions. The radiative forcing due to contrail is 0.14 ± 0.06 W/m² per percent coverage. Based on the forcing from the different species emitted by each mode of transportation, policies may be envisioned. These policies may affect demand and emissions of different modes of transportation. Demand and fleet models are used to quantify these interdependencies. Depending on the fuel price of each mode, mode shifts and overall demand reduction occur, and more fuel efficient vehicles are introduced in the fleet at a faster rate. With the introduction of more fuel efficient vehicles, the effect of fuel price on demand is attenuated. An increase in fuel price of 50 cents per gallon, scaled based on the radiative forcing of each mode, results in up to 5% reduction in emissions and 6% reduction in radiative forcing. With technologies, significant reduction in climate impact may be achieved.     

辽宁临港经济区港口航运物流企业人员跨文化适应能力分析及对策研究

随着我国参与经济全球化的长足发展,省域内临港经济区内的跨文化交流日益频繁,同时跨文化适应问题也越发突显,并以前所未有的速度影响着港口航运物流企业人员的工作表现。通过采用SPSS软件和Microsoft Excel软件对调查数据进行的统计分析,发现相关企业人员的跨文化适应情况与工作表现呈现正相关关系。通过进一步分析发现影响这些人员的跨文化适应的社会文化和心理因素表现出共性特征。这为临港经济相关专业"专业英语"教学改革提供了依据。