A sequential approach to exploiting the combined strengths of SP and RP data: Application to freight shipper choice

The possibility of and procedure for pooling RP and SP data have been discussed in recent research work. In that literature, the RP data has been viewed as the yardstick against which the SP data must be compared. In this paper we take a fresh look at the two data types. Based on the peculiar strengths and weaknesses of each we propose a new, sequential approach to exploiting the strengths and avoiding the weaknesses of each data source. This approach is based on the premise that SP data, characterized by a well-conditioned design matrix and a less constrained decision environment than the real world, is able to capture respondents' tradeoffs more robustly than is possible in RP data. (This, in turn, results in more robust estimates of share changes due to changes in independent variables.) The RP data, however, represent the current market situation better than the SP data, hence should be used to establish the aggregate equilibrium level represented by the final model. The approachfixes the RP parameters for independent variables at the estimated SP parameters but uses the RP data to establish alternative-specific constants. Simultaneously, the RP data are rescaled to correct for error-in-variables problems in the RP design matrixvis-à- vis the SP design matrix. All specifications tested are Multinomial Logit (MNL) models.The approach is tested with freight shippers' choice of carrier in three major North American cities. It is shown that the proposed sequential approach to using SP and RP data has the same or better predictive power as the model calibrated solely on the RP data (which is the best possible model for that data, in terms of goodness-of-fit figures of merit), when measured in terms of Pearson's Chi-squared ratio and the percent correctly predicted statistic. The sequential approach is also shown to produce predictions with lower error than produced by the more usual method of pooling the RP and SP data.     

国内外环境影响评价模型软件发展现状研究

调查了近几十年来国内外大量的常用环境影响评价模型软件及实践案例的发展及应用状况,通过分析各种环评模型软件的功能、特点和应用领域,尝试对现有的环境影响评价模型软件进行系统分类,并总结了最新环评模型软件的技术特点和发展方向。     

Bayesian statistical data assimilation for ecosystem models using Markov Chain Monte Carlo

This study considers advanced statistical approaches for sequential data assimilation. These are explored in the context of nowcasting and forecasting using nonlinear differential equation based marine ecosystem models assimilating sparse and noisy non-Gaussian multivariate observations. The statistical framework uses a state space model with the goal of estimating the time evolving probability distribution of the ecosystem state. Assimilation of observations relies on stochastic dynamic prediction and Bayesian principles. In this study, a new sequential data assimilation approach is introduced based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The ecosystem state is represented by an ensemble, or sample, from which distributional properties, or summary statistical measures, can be derived. The Metropolis-Hastings based MCMC approach is compared and contrasted with two other sequential data assimilation approaches: sequential importance resampling, and the (approximate) ensemble Kalman filter (including computational comparisons). A simple illustrative application is provided based on a 0-D nonlinear plankton ecosystem model with multivariate non-Gaussian observations of the ecosystem state from a coastal ocean observatory. The MCMC approach is shown to be straightforward to implement and to effectively characterize the non-Gaussian ecosystem state in both nowcast and forecast experiments. Results are reported which illustrate how non-Gaussian information originates, and how it can be used to characterize ecosystem properties.     

Modeling techniques for periodic vehicle routing problems

This paper presents a continuous approximation model for the period vehicle routing problem with service choice (PVRP-SC). The PVRP-SC is a variant of the period vehicle routing problem in which the visit frequency to nodes is a decision of the model. This variation can result in more efficient vehicle tours and/or greater service benefit to customers. We present a continuous approximation model to facilitate strategic and tactical planning of periodic distribution systems and evaluate the value of service choice. Further, results from the continuous model can provide guidelines for constructing solutions to the discrete PVRP-SC.     

Preparing highway emissions inventories for urban scale modeling: A case study in Philadelphia

Highway emissions represent a major source of many pollutants. Use of local data to model these emissions can have a large impact on the magnitude and distribution of emissions predicted and can significantly improve the accuracy of local scale air quality modeling assessments. This paper provides a comparison of top–down and bottom–up approaches for developing emission inventories for modeling in one urban area, Philadelphia, in calendar year 1999. A bottom–up approach relies on combining motor vehicle emission factors and vehicle activity data from a travel demand model estimated at the road link level to generate hourly emissions data. This approach can result in better estimates of levels and spatial distribution of on-road motor vehicle emissions than a top–down approach that relies on more aggregated information and default modeling inputs.     

软件过程改进的动态建模仿真

给出了一种软件过程改进的动态集成框架，将传统的评估模型与软件过程的动态仿真模型结合起来，为软件过程改进和决策提供定性和定量的评估，并依照能力成熟度模型获得更高的软件开发过程能力。     

Future aspects in marine ecosystem modelling

Existing ecosystem models are briefly presented and summarised. The problem of coupling physical and biological models as well as aspects of prediction and predictability are discussed. The general perception that marine ecosystems are inherently unpredictable due to non-linearity becomes questionable if the response of climate variability in marine ecosystems is analysed. Many authors have shown correlations between climate variability and the variability of abundance or biomass of marine organisms such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos or fish recruitment in different parts of the world ocean. In the northern hemisphere, certain species show a linear response to climate variability mainly during winter and spring. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Often, a phase lag can be observed between climate variability and the reaction of organisms. The identification of a plausible mediator between climate and biology is difficult, since all possible physicochemical mechanisms having a direct or indirect influence on the variability of abundance or biomass of marine organisms have to be considered as mediator.The understanding of the reason of the phase lag, which possibly implies a “biological memory”, and the identification of all possible mediators are necessary to predict the response of marine organisms to climate variability. The identification of mediators will result in an improvement of coupled models, a deeper understanding of physical–biological interaction and the improvement of predictive capability of marine ecosystem models.     

针摆行星传动中复合齿形摆线轮等效代换齿廓的研究

提出了采用完整的短幅外摆线的等距曲线作为摆线轮齿廓，来等效代换针摆行星传动中复合齿形摆线轮齿廓的理论，并给出了求解等效齿廓参数的数学模型、计算方法和求解实例。     

空间数据的多尺度表达研究

多尺度是空间数据的重要特征之一,研究空间数据在不同尺度条件下的表达特征和方式具有极其重要的现实意义.在参考相关资料和同类研究的基础上,阐述了空间数据多尺度表达的特征和数据模型以及表达中可能出现的问题,并给出了试验结果.     

城市交通需求预测组合模型的研究

分析了交通需求预测组合模型的应用，重点研究了适用于城市交通需求预测的两种组合模型。给出了基于熵最大化原理的交通分布与交通分配组合模型的求解算例，并且构造了各种客运交通方式的广义出行费用模型，提出了基于广义出行费用和动脉多路径概率分配的交通方式划分和交通分配组合模型。