城市核心区地铁线站位研究——以西安地铁5号线新桃园—劳动南路段为例

新桃园—劳动南路段地处西安城市核心区,建筑物密集、交通繁忙,很大程度限制了地铁5号线走行自由度。从方案概况、线路技术条件、客流吸引条件、与周边环境的适应性及工程实施条件等方面对4个线站位比选方案进行比选,推荐沿桃园路方案。从站位研究和换乘方案分析得出5、8号线在新桃园站采用L形换乘,8号线车站设置在5号线东侧方案是合理可行的。比选结论及建议可以对功能日渐强大的城市核心区线站位选择提供借鉴意义。总结在城市核心区地铁线站位研究过程中应力求做到的层面,以确保最终推荐的工程方案合理可行。     

Exposure of Fauna to Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) Traffic on Sandy Beaches

Driving of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on sandy beaches is common and widespread, but is not universally embraced due to putative environmental impacts on beach biota. For ORVs to impact the beach fauna, traffic areas must overlap with faunal habitat: a fundamental pre-requisite for impact assessments but as yet un-quantified for sandy beaches. Thus, this study quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of ORV traffic on five Australian beaches, and measured the degree to which the distribution of intertidal macro-invertebrates overlaps with traffic zones. Traffic volumes on beaches can be considerable (up to 500 vehicles per day). The position of beach traffic across the beach-face is principally governed by tides and driver behavior. Despite driver education campaigns to the contrary, a considerable fraction of vehicles (16–67%) traverses the soft, upper shore near the foredunes. The majority (65%) of burrowing invertebrate species of the intertidal zone is directly exposed to traffic, save for species inhabiting the swash zone. Because beach traffic presents a formidable management challenge, a fundamental first step in identifying whether ecological impacts are indeed likely, is to assess the potential for spatial and temporal conflict between human pressures (e.g., ORVs) and biological resources (e.g., beach fauna). Although this potential is certainly substantial for sandy shores used by ORVs, the actual ecological impacts on the intertidal fauna can only be predicted in situations where the responses (e.g., direct mortality, behavioral changes) of individual species to beach traffic are known.     

岩溶山区隧道地下水漏失对植物生长的影响分析及对策

为研究隧道建设引起的地下水漏失对周围生态环境的影响,依托穿越中梁山山脉通向重庆市区西部的3条重叠相交岩溶隧道（襄渝铁路中梁山隧道、渝遂高速公路大学城隧道和成渝客专铁路歌乐山隧道）的地下水漏失情况,对其影响区内的生态环境及植被生长进行长期监测与综合分析,利用树轮宽度均值探讨地下水漏失对隧址区优势植物（马尾松、杉木）的生长影响,提出基于生态环境保护的隧道地下水“以堵为主、限量排放”的建设思路。研究结果表明: “以排为主”的襄渝铁路中梁山隧道,造成马尾松生物量明显降低（衰退幅度达71.4%）,而“以堵为主、限量排放”的其他2条隧道对马尾松的影响则相对小; 3条隧道的建设对杉木的生长都产生了不利影响,影响范围在隧道轴线两侧1 km左右; 基于马尾松出现生长恢复的时期（1992-1997年）,建议将此阶段的最低地下水位作为隧址区地下水生态平衡埋深下限值,进而确定中梁山地区隧道的“以堵为主、限量排放”中限量排放的生态地下水位值,为岩溶山区隧道限量排放的地下水位控制提供参考。     

宁波软土地区基坑数值计算中HS模型参数试验研究

土体HS模型已成为软土基坑数值模拟中较为常用的本构模型之一,但由于其模型参数较多,很多参数无法从勘察报告中直接获取。为了解决模型参数的取值问题,选取宁波地区典型的2种土样（淤泥质土、粉质黏土）,开展标准固结试验、三轴固结排水剪切试验以及三轴固结排水加载-卸载-再加载试验,获得土体应力-应变关系。根据曲线确定宁波地区典型土层的HS模型参数Erefoed、Eref50、Erefur、c′、φ′ 和Rf,以及模型参数之间的关系。并将试验结果与上海软土地区、天津软土地区取得的模量关系进行对比分析。最后对宁波新典路过街通道深基坑工程进行三维有限元分析,计算结果与实测数据较为接近,从而验证HS 模型及试验获取的HS参数在宁波地区基坑开挖数值计算中的适用性。     

Designing Coastal Management Strategies for Populations with Distinct Needs: The Case of Learning Disabilities

The Disability Discrimination Act (1995, amended 2005), Equality Act (2010 Equality Act. 2010. Equality Act. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents#openingWholeMod (accessed May 17, 2012) [Google Scholar]), EU Disability Action Plan (2003 –2010), and EU Disability Strategy (2010–2020) were designed to make equal opportunities a “reality.” As 16% of the EU population, is statutorily disabled there are considerable implications for beach management. Research examples of beach users include swimmers, anglers, etc. - but rarely people with learning disabilities (LD). This paper considered beach users with LD and their appreciation of three different coastal classifications in South Wales. Because of their disabilities, the research applied a participatory photo interpretation methodology (photovoice). A comparison of the LD ranking of beach issues was made with rankings provided by the general public at the same beaches. Results demonstrated some similarities between LD and general public coastal needs, but identified the need for specific considerations to be made by beach managers for LD users, including informed self-advocacy, use/application of signage, instructive access and a requirement for baseline information gathering. The research proposes an integrated coastal access model from which coastal management/gatekeepers can consider LD needs within coastal strategies. Finally, findings highlight the use of photovoice in coastal research projects and the need for innovative methodological considerations when researching certain groups.     

Fisheries in Iwaki after the Fukushima Dai'ichi Nuclear Accident: Lessons for Coastal Management under Conditions of High Uncertainty?

This article evaluates factors driving perception of risk and uncertainty in fisheries in Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, following the Fukushima Dai'ichi nuclear accident. Particular attention is paid to lessons that may be learned for managing uncertainties and risks in coastal management more generally. The 2011 accident has had profound effects on Fukushima fisheries. Commercial coastal fisheries have been stopped since, and efforts to understand and monitor the effects of marine radioactive contamination on produce from the sea continue. Small-scale trial fisheries have, however, re-commenced with a view to gradually re-starting Fukushima fisheries over time. Drawing on in-depth interviews, discussion groups, and field observations from Iwaki and Fukushima Prefecture more widely, three factors are discussed: the role of trusted local-level points of contact; the value of transparent monitoring and screening that acknowledges remaining limitations and uncertainties; and the importance of taking seriously the cultural dimensions of rapid and potentially irreversible environmental change.     

玻璃钢渔船帽型骨材剖面结构优化设计

以玻璃钢渔船帽型骨材的剖面宽深比为变量,研究其对骨材截面面积的影响,得出了截面面积随宽深比的增加而变大的结论。同时应用有限元方法,建立了不同宽深比骨材的有限元模型,研究在相同边界条件和载荷下,宽深比对骨材变形量和应力集中的影响。结果表明,宽深比对变形量的影响甚微,而对应力集中则影响巨大。通过计算,确定了最佳的宽深比。得到的相关结论对玻璃钢渔船帽型骨材的剖面设计与尺寸优化具有一定的参考价值。     

海平面上升对沿海工程顶面高程确定的影响

随着海平面的上升,沿海地区的年最高水位的极值及重现期已发生变化,对沿海工程顶面高程的确定产生了重大影响。以吴淞为例,以码头顶面高程为研究对象,用纯经验曲线法计算重现期;并根据IPCC第5次评估报告假定情景下的海平面上升情况,计算各情景下港口码头顶面高程的变化。结果表明海平面上升对码头顶面高程确定的影响非常明显,对顶面高程较低的码头的影响尤为显著。     

滑行艇喷溅区面积及驻点位置变化的模型试验研究

以棱柱型滑行艇为研究对象,开展了滑行艇在高速滑行状态下喷溅区面积及驻点位置变化特征的模型试验研究.模型纵倾角为1.5°,2.2°,3.0°,5.0°,每个纵倾角对应两种尾吃水,分别为37.3,27.3,58.0,38.0,58.0,48.0,73.0,53.0mm,航速为1~5 m/s.艇体喷溅区的流场变化采用高速摄像机拍摄,确定了喷溅区面积和驻点位置的变化规律.结果表明:喷溅区面积与滑行艇纵倾角、吃水及航速密切相关,高速滑行状态下,喷溅区面积随航速的增加而增加,喷溅区面积占滑行面面积的比值为30%~45%;驻点位置随航速的增加向船尾移动,移动距离占船长之比为7.14%~14.28%.     

平潭综合实验区近期公交线网布局模式研究

平潭综合实验区作为国家重点发展的对台新区,现状公交发展相对薄弱,为满足平潭近期跨越式发展的需求,将近期公交线网分为潭城组团线网与潭城外围线网两个层次,对潭城组团线网布局采用抽密补疏的策略,在综合比较分离模式、交叉模式和混合模式等方案的基础上,选取适当模式对潭城外围线网布局进行优化,并提出采用一体化管理和区域专营的公交运营模式。最后给出近期公交线网布局方案,成为平潭公交管理部门优化近期公交线网的重要依据,为类似平潭的城市新区建设提供借鉴和参考。