基于BP神经网络的主成分分析法在效能评估中的应用

针对侦察效能评估中,指标因素的多样性和因素间的复杂关系,依据主成分分析的评估思路,运用BP神经网络对侦察效能进行评估.结合BP神经网络的逼近非线性函数的映射能力和并行处理的特点,解决数据样本的分类问题.通过对侦察效能的评估,验证了BP神经网络对效能评估的可行性,其方法和成果可供其它武器装备效能评估借鉴和参考.     

Habitat characteristics as determinant of the structure and spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (Cantabrian Sea, N. Spain)

The purpose of this paper is to detect and describe general trends in the spatial distribution of epibenthic and demersal communities of Le Danois Bank (El Cachucho) in relation to the environmental variables that characterize their habitat by means of multivariate ordination. Data were derived from two multidisciplinary surveys carried out in October 2003 and April 2004 included in the ECOMARG project. The surveys were focused on the study of the physical scenario, including both geological (seabed characterization from bathymetry and backscatter data) and hydrographic features, and the different compartments of the benthic fauna (endobenthic, epibenthic, suprabenthic and demersal communities). For the present study, epibenthos and demersal species were sampled using two different gears, a 3.5 m beam trawl and a Porcupine 39/52 type baca otter trawl respectively. The total species richness combining both samplers ascended to 221, including 71 species of fishes, 65 crustaceans, 35 molluscs, 29 echinoderms, 10 cnidarians and 5 sponges.Multivariate methods were used for the study of the characteristics of communities and habitats. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to calculate and visualize similarities between samples in terms of species composition. To assess the amount of variation of faunal densities related to a set of eight environmental variables, a redundancy analysis (RDA) was used. The set of environmental variables used were: depth, near-bottom temperature and salinity, sedimentary typology (dry weight percentages of coarse sands, medium and fine sands, silt and organic matter) and seafloor reflectivity. Using the spatial distribution of the ranges of depth and seafloor reflectivity that characterize the habitats of the faunal assemblages we defined the spatial distribution of the different communities.The multivariate analysis of 18 beam-trawl samples and 15 otter trawl samples showed the existence of 4 main assemblages associated with the more characteristic habitats of the area. The Callogorgia–Chimaera community live mainly in the areas at the top of the Bank (425–550 m depth), where the sediment coverage is lower and there exists a high presence of rocky outcrops. The Gryphus–Galeus community were found in the areas at the top of the Bank covered by medium and fine sand sediments with low organic matter content. The Phormosoma–Trachyrincus community live on the sedimentary terraces that characterize the Bank break (550–800 m) and the Pheronema–Deania community occupy all the deeper (800–1050 m) sedimentary grounds of the inner basin.     

巴黎市域轨道交通线路及车站布置特点分析

分析了巴黎市域轨道交通(RER)线的发展建设过程和线路特点,并重点研究了市域轨道交通线的几种主要车站布置形式。折返站布置能适应一端折返,且能满足列车越行的需要;终点站的折返能力和存车能力加强;换乘站合理设置侧线、渡线和相应的连络线;分岔站的布置应尽量避免主线和支线间的行车干扰,方便乘客换乘。这些市域轨道交通线线路、车站设置的特点对我国市域轨道交通线的规划、建设具有借鉴作用。     

南通哨口板鹞风筝综述

南通板鹞风筝历来以优美的造型,精湛的工艺和独特的音响效果而闻名于世。文章在叙述南通板鹞风筝社会功用及历史演变的基础上,对其独具特质的艺术形式和工艺手法进行了总结和归纳。最后,对南通板鹞风筝在当代的传承与发展进行概括和展望。     

大型铁路技术装备2008国际展览会——第二部分(待续)

发表于本刊上一期的 InnoTrans2008展览会述评的第一部分主要是介绍了在展览会露天展区上展出的整体机车车辆产品。在本述评的第二部分中则由从事机车车辆零部件生产、铁路基础装备、通信信号和站场设备研发的公司介绍其展品。在展览会上展示出的产品,它们的总休特征是均符合国际标准,这样就可以使生产厂商以最大标准化程度的产品,扩大其销售市场。     

Overview of public transport policy developments in South Africa

In South Africa, a restructuring of the public transport system is currently under way. In the bus industry the tender for contract system is being implemented, the commuter rail sector is being recapitalised and the minibus taxi industry recapitalization programme is in its early stages. Progress with policy implementation across the modes of transport, modal split trends and issues that hamper the full development of the public transport industry are discussed in this paper. Medium to long term policy and strategy initiatives that will further inform the development of the industry are also highlighted in this chapter.     

构件技术在高速公路车道软件中的应用

构件技术是软件复用的主要发展方向之一。简要介绍基于构件的软件开发方法（CBSD），提出了基于构件的高速公路联网收费系统车道软件开发模型，并在此基础上实现了高速公路联网收费系统车道软件。该软件具有可靠性强、耦合度低、重用性高、扩展性好、升级维护方便等特点，已经在高速公路收费系统中得到应用，效果良好。     

A study of the relationship between Magic Formula coefficients and tyre design attributes through finite element analysis

Pacejka's Magic Formula Tyre Model is widely used to represent force and moment characteristics in vehicle simulation studies meant to improve handling behaviour during steady-state cornering. The experimental technique required to determine this tyre model parameters is fairly involved and highly sophisticated. Also, total test facilities are not available in most countries. As force and moment characteristics are affected by tyre design attributes and tread patterns, manufacturing of separate tyres for each design alternative affects tyre development cycle time and economics significantly. The objective of this work is to identify the interactions among various tyre design attributes-cum-operating conditions and the Magic Formula coefficients. This objective is achieved by eliminating actual prototyping of tyres for various design alternatives as well as total experimentation on each tyre through simulation using finite element analysis. Mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element technique, a specialized technique in ABAQUS, is used to simulate the steady-state cornering behaviour; it is also efficient and cost-effective. Predicted force and moment characteristics are represented as Magic Formula Tyre Model parameters through non-linear least-squares fit using MATLAB. Issues involved in the Magic Formula Tyre Model representation are also discussed. A detailed analysis is made to understand the influence of various design attributes and operating conditions on the Magic Formula parameters. Tread pattern, tread material properties, belt angle, inflation pressure, frictional behaviour at the tyre–road contact interface and their interactions are found to significantly influence vehicle-handling characteristics.     

温拌SBS改性沥青混合料低温与疲劳特性研究

为了研究温拌剂对SBS改性沥青混合料低温和疲劳特性的影响,采用SGC击实仪成型试件,测试温拌沥青混合料的空隙率与劈裂强度,确定拌和与击实温度,并利用低温小梁实验和四点弯曲疲劳试验测试沥青混合料的力学性能进行评价。研究结果显示:温拌剂掺入,降低了沥青混合料的成型温度.提高了SBS改性沥青混合料的压实性;温拌剂可以提高沥青混合料的破坏应变,使沥青混合料的柔性增加;养生可以提高温拌沥青混合料的低温性能;温拌沥青混合料(WMA)的疲劳寿命大于普通热拌沥青混合料(HMA),并且WMA的疲劳寿命对温度和应变的敏感性较低。     

Development of two driving cycles for utility vehicles

Driving cycles are used to assess vehicle fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The premise in this article is that suburban road-work vehicles and airport vehicles operate under particular conditions that are not taken into account by conventional driving cycles. Thus, experimental data were acquired from two pickup trucks representing both vehicle fleets that were equipped with a data logger. Based on experimental data, the suburban road-work vehicle showed a mixed driving behavior of high and low speed with occasional long periods of idling. In the airport environment, however, the driving conditions were restricted to airport grounds but were characterized by many accelerations and few high speeds. Based on these measurements, microtrips were defined and two driving cycles proposed. Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions were then measured for both cycles and compared to the FTP-75 and HWFCT cycles, which revealed a major difference: at least a 31% increase in fuel consumption over FTP-75. This increased fuel consumption translates into higher pollutant emissions. When CO₂ equivalent emissions are taken into account, the proposed cycles show an increase of at least 31% over FTP-75 and illustrate the importance of quantifying fleet speed patterns to assess CO₂ equivalent emissions so that the fleet manager can determine potential gains in energy or increased pollutant emissions.