On particulate emissions from moving trains in a tunnel environment

Increasing attention is being paid to airborne particles in railway environments because of their potential to adversely affect health. In this study, we investigate the contribution of moving trains to both the concentration and size distribution of particles in tunnel environments. Real-time measurements were taken with high time-resolution instruments at a railway station platform in a tunnel in Stockholm in January 2013. The results show that individual trains stopping and starting at the platform substantially elevate the particulate concentrations with a mobility diameter greater than 100 nm. Two size modes of the particulate number concentrations were obtained. A mode of around 170 nm occurs when a train moves, while the other mode peaks at about 30 nm when there is no train in the station. By using principal component analysis (PCA), three contributing sources were identified on the basis of the classification of the sizes of the particles, namely railway-related mechanical wear, suspension due to the movement of trains and sparking of electric-powered components. It is concluded that the particulate matter released by individual moving trains is a key contributor to fine particles (100–500 nm) on the railway platform in a tunnel.     

Port system evolution – the emergence of second-tier hubs

Some evidence has emerged of second-tier hubs inserting themselves between hubs and feeder ports, producing a new hierarchy of port networks. This article aims to establish the dynamics of this process based on illustrative cases in Asia, South America, and Europe. Findings reveal spatial factors to include a cluster of small ports with minimal sailing distance within a given range, suitable channel and berth depth, and ideally high capacity inland links. From the economic perspective, demand-side factors include a local captive market and aggregated demand to be captured from other ports, while supply-side factors include diseconomies of scale at traditional hubs, an increase in direct services, an increase in large feeder vessels calling from first-tier hubs which are then transhipped to smaller feeders for serving local ports, and an increase in overland servicing of local smaller ports. From a strategic perspective, vertical and horizontal integration in the shipping sector has produced extensive network economies, whereby shipping lines look to create group-specific port hierarchies, enhanced in the presence of aggressive management strategies and supportive policies. This finding suggests that proactive port stakeholders can in certain circumstances seize the opportunity to capture this role within their port range.     

合力打造铁路给水排水行业快速发展的新局面

根据铁路跨越式发展对给水排水行业带来的新课题 ,提出了给水排水行业快速发展的总体思路和主要内涵 ,说明了行业加速实现装备现代化的建设要求 ,分析了生产布局调整的意义和前景。号召大家齐心协力 ,奋发进取     

Surface chlorophyll in the Black Sea over 1978–1986 derived from satellite and in situ data

Absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration and its spatial and seasonal variations in the Black Sea were assessed by using satellite CZCS and in situ data. Since the satellite CZCS had operated for the 1978–1986 period, CZCS data was used for assessing the past state of the Black Sea just before the onset of drastic changes observed in late 1980s. The approach used for the calculation of the absolute values of chlorophyll a concentration from CZCS data was based on the direct comparison of in situ chlorophyll a data and those of CZCS and by applying the algorithm developed for the transformation of CZCS data into chlorophyll a values. CZCS Level 2 data related with pigment concentration having a spatial resolution of 1 km at nadir were used. The daily Level 3 files were derived by binning Level 2 values into 4-km grid cells and the monthly and seasonal Level 3 files were created by averaging the daily Level 3 files over the corresponding period. In situ chlorophyll a data were obtained by spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods in 15 scientific cruises over the 1978–1986 period. Total number of ship-measured data used for the comparison with those CZCS values was 590.Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) was derived from CZCS values (C) with regression equations Chl=kC; the coefficient of transformation k was calculated from six different data sets by taking into account distinctions between subregions and seasons. The reasons for difference in the k values have been analyzed.Statistical comparison of the chlorophyll a values measured in situ and those derived from CZCS data was based on log-transformed data and gave the following results: regression SLOPE=0.842, regression INTERCEPT=−0.081, coefficient of determination (R²)=0.806, root–mean–square ERROR=0.195. The mean monthly chlorophyll a distributions derived from CZCS data over 1978–1986 have been constructed and the mean seasonal chlorophyll a values in different regions have been calculated and analyzed. The significant difference in chlorophyll concentration between the western shelf regions and the open part of the Black Sea has been demonstrated, especially in warm season. At almost all seasons, the highest chlorophyll concentration is observed in the western interior shelf region which is under strong influence of Danube. The summer mean chlorophyll concentration in this region is 18 times higher than that in the open parts and about nine times higher than in the eastern shelf region. The greatest seasonal variations are observed in the open part of the Black Sea: chlorophyll concentration in cold season is four to six times higher than in summer and three to five times higher than in April and October. To the contrary, in the western interior shelf regions, the concentration is higher in May–October (about twice than that in November–March). Seasonal variations in the western outer shelf regions are smoothed out as compared with both the western interior shelf and the open regions.     

青藏铁路客车供氧系统

简要介绍了青藏铁路客车供氧系统的组成及工作过程,针对其使用情况,指出了青藏铁路客车供氧系统在运用中的注意事项。     

打磨处理改善焊缝疲劳性能的试验研究

由于高强度钢的使用，船舶结构许用应力水平的提高，船舶结构的疲劳强度越来越受到关注。船舶结构的疲劳寿命取决于其焊接结构的疲劳寿命。因此，了解焊缝几何参数对焊件疲劳强度的影响以及采用经济实用的方法改善船舶结构的疲劳性能是十分重要的。本文首先对焊缝几何参数对焊件疲劳寿命的影响进行了分析，在此基础上用ABS钢和945钢两种钢板做试件，分别进行了简单拉伸实验及打磨和未打磨条件下对接接头的疲劳试验。试验结果表明焊件的疲劳寿命可以通过打磨焊缝得到改善；尤其对于高强度钢焊件。试验还说明手工打磨焊缝和机械磨削焊缝对焊件疲劳强度的改善效果差别很大，疲劳寿命的分散性也很大。因此，应当对改善焊件疲劳寿命的工艺进行更详细的研究。     

发射光谱分析金属磨损诊断真实值规律研究

介绍了南昌铁路局针对现行发射光谱分析金属磨损诊断理论的不足,运用数理统计原理通过建立金属磨损真实值,创建新的一元线性回归模型,完善发射光谱分析金属磨损诊断理论的研究过程。     

高速电动车组的发展及其在我国的应用探讨

分析国外300km／h高速动车组发展动态，认为受关键参数的限制，300km／h的速度是一个重要临界值。在此速度之下，动力集中与动力分散两种方式都能适应；在此速度之上，动力分散为佳。提出我国必须坚持科研开发与应用紧密结合的原则，在充分试验并巩固200—250km／h电动车组技术的平台上，应向开发300km／h电动车组技术推进。建议对总体方案进行深入比较后，再确立最佳方案为好。     

丹江口水库下游河床冲刷与水位降落对航道的影响

在冲积性河流上修建水库以后,因水库的调节作用水库下游的水、沙过程发生巨大改变,导致河床新的变形,直接影响航道水深的变化,给航道带来不同影响。本文根据水库下游丹江口至碾盘山河段的观测资料和河床演变分析,论证了在水库调节作用下河底降低与水位下降关系的五种变化类型,分析了五种类型产生的原因和条件,这不仅对汉江中游的航道整治具有重要意义,而且对水库下游冲积性河流的冲刷,特别是三峡工程兴建后河床冲刷对航深的影响均具有一定的参考价值。     

多用途船边克令吊筒体与舱口围连接研究

就多用途船边克令吊与舱口围结构的连接提出两种方案,有效解决局部节点的应力集中。利用FEMAP有限元软件分别就吊重能力为80t和200t的克令吊对两种方案进行验证计算,并对计算结果进行了分析对比,其结论对类似的结构设计以及舱口围结构连接研究具有一定指导意义。