Model predictive control with constraints for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control vehicle model in transition manoeuvres

A vehicle following control law, based on the model predictive control method, to perform transition manoeuvres (TMs) for a nonlinear adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicle is presented in this paper. The TM controller ultimately establishes a steady-state following distance behind a preceding vehicle to avoid collision, keeping account of acceleration limits, safe distance, and state constraints. The vehicle dynamics model is for continuous-time domain and captures the real dynamics of the sub-vehicle models for steady-state and transient operations. The ACC vehicle can execute the TM successfully and achieves a steady-state in the presence of complex dynamics within the constraint boundaries.     

基于C/S模式的“船舶避碰行为调查”系统设计

海上避碰实践很大程度上受到人的决策行为的影响,在传统船舶避碰行为调查方法的基础上,基于VC＋＋软件平台,采用C/S网络模式,结合虚拟现实技术开发了避碰行为调查系统。与传统发送纸质问卷的调查方法相比,该系统提高了调查的时效性和准确性。     

基于交通冲突分析的公路信号交叉口安全评价

交通冲突分析技术是以大样本、快速、定量研究评价交通安全现状与改善效果的特点而异于事故统计评价方法。文中通过对信号平面交叉口道路交条件及交通冲突数据的分析研究,引入综合影响系数,运用灰色关联理论对交通冲突影响因素进行分析,建立了信号平面交叉口道路交通条件与交通冲突率的关系模型,并提出了基于交通冲突的信号平面交叉口交通安全评价的综合影响系数方法。根据交叉口的交通流量、相交道路流量比、交通组成及左转车比例等因素,确定对交通冲突率的综合影响系数K,进而得出交叉口的安全水平等级。     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞,改善道路交通安全状况,提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机,获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离,并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险,使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性,采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适,采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制,保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性,基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制,结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差,修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合,结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞,减少交通事故的发生。     

开阔水域多物标动态自适应智能航行方法

考虑船舶操纵特性、《1972年国际海上避碰规则》和良好船艺要求,提出了动态自适应目标船不协调避碰行动的开阔水域智能航行方法;将物标分类、建模并构建数字孪生交通环境,结合航向控制方法、操纵运动和复航模型构建了自动航行模型,推演了船舶非线性操纵运动;基于自动航行模型量化解析了《规则》要求,探究动态避碰机理,建立了可行航向求取方法;在多目标环境中,提出了目标船机动判别方法,研究了《规则》约束下构成自主航行方案的改向时机、幅度和复航时机等要素求取方法。仿真结果表明：依靠信息秒级更新的滚动计算,提出的智能航行方法可自适应剩余误差和目标船随机运动;提出的智能航行方法能将可行航向区间和改向幅度精确到1°;将程序运行和复航时机计算步长设置为1、10 s,设置多类静态物标和6艘保向保速目标船,在640、1 053、2 561和3 489 s,本船进行右转9°、复航、保向保速和复航等操纵可让请所有目标并自主航行至终点;设置目标船在300 s采取不协调转向避让行动,本船在980、2 790、3 622、5 470 s时进行右转9°、左转12°、右转17°和复航等操纵可让请所有目标并自主航行至终点。可见,任意初始状态下的船舶均可沿计划航线自动航行至终点,提出的方法能满足多个、多类动静态物标共存的真实开阔水域环境中的智能航行需要。     

Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance for Application of Human-Robot Cooperative Dispensing Medicines

For safety reasons,in the automated dispensing medicines process,robots and humans cooperate to accomplish the task of drug sorting and distribution.In this dynamic unstructured environment,such as a human-robot collaboration scenario,the safety of human,robot,and equipment in the environment is paramount.In this work,a practical and effective robot motion planning method is proposed for dynamic unstructured environments.To figure out the problems of blind zones of single depth sensor and dynamic obstacle avoidance,we first propose a method for establishing offline mapping and online fusion of multi-sensor depth images and 3D grids of the robot workspace,which is used to determine the occupation states of the 3D grids occluded by robots and obstacles and to conduct real-time estimation of the minimum distance between the robot and obstacles.Then,based on the reactive control method,the attractive and repulsive forces are calculated and transformed into robot joint velocities to avoid obstacles in real time.Finally,the robot's dynamic obstacle avoidance ability is evaluated on an experimental platform with a UR5 robot and two KinectV2 RGB-D sensors,and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.     

船载防避台智能决策支持技术研究

以船舶防避台实践经验、典型案例和领域科研成果为基础,用现代科技手段,研究船载防避台智能决策支持技术.它由电子海图、船舶动态管理、台风信息查询和台风路径自动标绘、船-台综合态势实时计算和模拟避台、避台智能决策等5个分支组成.综合运用相似理论、天气图方法、卫星云图分析法、台风数值预报等学科理论,构建船舶防台数据库、模型库、知识库,实现对船舶和台风路径全过程实时跟踪和监控、船-台态势分析、威胁等级判断、台风路径补充改正和航线天气预报、避台智能决策.     

基于交通冲突技术的交叉口安全评价

交叉口作为城市道路的重要组成部分,在星罗棋布的城市道路网中,对于组织城市交通起着至关重要的作用。交通冲突技术是一个典型的非事故间接统计评价方法。它是国际交通安全领域新兴开发的一种统计方法,其以大样本、快速、定量研究评价交通安全现状与改善效果的特点而异于传统的事故统计评价方法。以交通冲突技术和灰色理论为依据的交通安全评价方法,引入时均冲突率作为衡量指标,通过比较指标比值的大小,对交叉口交通安全状况进行评价。     

Integrated evasive manoeuvre assist for collision mitigation with oncoming vehicles

Development and deployment of steering based collision avoidance systems are made difficult due to the complexity of dealing with oncoming vehicles during the evasive manoeuvre. A method to mitigate the collision risk with oncoming vehicles during such manoeuvres is presented in this work. A point mass analysis of such a scenario is first done to determine the importance of speed for mitigating the collision risk with the oncoming vehicle. A characteristic parameter was identified, which correlates well with the need to increase or decrease speed, in order to reduce the collision risk. This finding was then verified in experiments using a Volvo XC90 test vehicle. A closed-loop longitudinal acceleration controller for collision mitigation with oncoming vehicles is then presented. The longitudinal control is combined with yaw stability control using control allocation to form an integrated controller. Simulations in CarMaker using a validated XC90 vehicle model and the proposed controller showed consistent reductions in the collision risk with the oncoming vehicle.     

城区高速公路扩建工程中央分隔带护栏研究

以水官高速公路扩建工程中央分隔带护栏改造设计为例,采用理论分析和方案对比相结合的方式,对城区高速公路扩建工程中央分隔带护栏防撞等级确定及型式选择方法进行研究。结果表明:中央分隔带护栏改造设计应结合规范要求和项目实际需求,分别确定路基段、桥梁段护栏防撞等级;应从景观效果、经济性、养护难度、绿化空间等多方面进行比选,确定最优的护栏型式。