基于公交IC卡信息的城市公交满载率指标计算方法

为减少传统城市公交满载率指标测算过程的人力投入并提高指标计算结果的准确性，利用公交IC卡刷卡信息、公交GPS信息、公交站点信息和公交车辆信息，通过各类信息衔接分析，提出了基于公交IC卡的公交满载率指标计算思路。采用MYSQL搭建分析数据库，通过编程代码自动关联识别和快速分析大数据，计算出城市公交线路的满载率指标值。通过案例分析发现，相比传统公交满载率调查方法，基于公交IC卡信息的公交满载率指标计算能找到更精确的最大客流断面、得出更精确的计算结果，并且运算过程更高效，能有效节约人力，可为同类城市测算城市公交满载率指标、分析城市公交乘客的出行特征提供参考。     

Investigations on the ship-ice impact: Part 1. Experimental methodologies

In the structural design of the Polar Class ships, glancing impact with ice has been considered as the governing load scenario for dimensioning the bow structure. At present, non-linear transient dynamic analysis has been reckoned as a fundamental requirement in the assessment of the structural strength of ships with higher ice classes. Under such requirement, understanding of the dynamic characteristics of the ship-ice impact load appears significant importance. The present study aims to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the impact loads by simulating the glancing impact events between a polar research vessel and giant ice floes in ice tank. The ship-ice impact loads were recorded by a grid-based tactile sensor attached on the bow area of the model ship. To achieve a reasonable simulation on the design scenario described by the IACS Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships (UR I), a series of methodological calibration tests were preliminarily carried out to determine the key parameters that should be carefully monitored and controlled, accompanying with thorough discussions on the ship-ice impact process. This paper provides detailed information on the preliminary methodological calibrations and the tactile data processing techniques, including the identification of the ship-ice contact area, the depiction of the ice loading trail and the outline of the spatial distributions of local ice pressures. A companion paper provides detailed analyses and discussions regarding the spatial and temporal variation of the ice impact loads from the formal tests based on the proposed testing procedures obtained by the methodological calibrations.     

双体甲板运输船波浪载荷

以某双体甲板运输船为例,使用DNV船级社的SESAM软件对其波浪载荷进行直接计算分析,并对比分析了采用“规范方法”与“直接计算方法”得到的波浪载荷值。结果表明,该双体甲板运输船属于低速排水型船,其波浪载荷的计算方法与高速双体船差别较大,“规范方法”主要适用于高速双体船及尺度较小的低速双体船。对于船长为60m及以上的低速双体船,采用“直接计算方法”更能准确地计算出其波浪载荷。     

Development of simplified method for prediction of structural response of stiffened plates under explosion loads

During their lifetime, marine structures may be exposed to accidental loadings such as from collisions or explosions, as well as environmental loadings such as from slamming, sloshing and green water. Such loadings can cause damage to structures. Therefore, to minimize such damage, advanced and robust design guidelines should be formulated. Among those loads, in this study, explosions imparting an impulsive pressure loading containing a rapid increase in pressure and a short duration that can cause serious casualties, property losses, and marine pollution were considered. In this paper, a practical and robust method for damage assessment of marine structures exposed to explosion loads based on a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system and numerical simulations is proposed. The SDOF method was improved by introduction of new and better idealization resistance for the system and consideration of the effect of strain-rate, and subsequently was verified by a numerical method developed using the commercial ABAQUS software package. The numerical method was itself validated by comparison with relevant pulse pressure test data available in the open literature (good correlation was shown). Based on the validated numerical models, a rigorous parametric study of the structural response of stiffened plates having actual scantlings of offshore structures was performed. The numerically obtained maximum deformations were compared with the results from the improved SDOF method in a parametric study, and the variation of both methods was verified. Finally, simple yet accurate and reliable formulations for prediction of structural response were empirically derived. These formulations are expected to be usefully employed as a first-hand tool for prediction of damage extent of marine structures (including offshore structures) due to explosion loads.     

砂质海床特性对单桩所受波浪荷载的影响

砂质海床特性极大地影响波浪与海工单桩基础结构的相互作用,而将多孔介质海床简化为刚性、不可渗透固体海床,忽视了多孔介质海床对波浪能量的影响。研究砂质海床孔隙率、介质颗粒平均粒径对单桩所受波浪荷载的影响,设计5种不同海床特性的波浪水槽试验。研究结果表明:在相同波浪条件下,砂质海床结构内部的孔隙流对波浪能量产生衰减作用,随着颗粒直径的增大,波浪能量衰减愈加明显,单桩所受波浪荷载越小。当海床孔隙率较小,海床结构内部水流运动微弱,多孔结构对波浪消能作用不明显。当海床孔隙率进一步增加,海床结构内部水流运动增强,多孔结构对波浪消能作用显著,单桩所受波浪荷载明显减弱。     

Ultimate load analysis of a 10 MW offshore monopile wind turbine incorporating fully nonlinear irregular wave kinematics

Loads from storm waves can in some cases be dimensioning for offshore wind turbine substructures. Accurate determination of nonlinear wave loads is therefore important for a safe, yet economic design. In this paper, the fully nonlinear waves, realized by a fully nonlinear potential wave solver OceanWave3D, are incorporated into coupled aero-servo-hydro-elastic simulations for a reduced set of wave-sensitive design load cases, in comparison with the widely used linear and constrained waves. The coupled aero-elastic simulations are performed for the DTU 10 MW reference wind turbine on a large monopile at 33 m water depth using the aero-elastic code HAWC2. Effect of the wave nonlinearity is investigated in terms of the ultimate sectional moments at tower bottom and monopile mudline. Higher ultimate moments, 5% at tower bottom and 13% at monopile mudline as maximum, are predicated when the nonlinear waves are used. It could be explained by the fact that the extreme nonlinear waves, that are close to the breaking limit, can induce resonant ringing-type responses, and hereby dominate the ultimate load responses. However, the constrained wave approach shows marginal difference compared to the standard linear wave approach. It can be concluded at least for the present configuration that the industry standard approaches (linear and constrained wave approach) underestimate the ultimate load responses on offshore wind turbines in severe sea states.     

全舰（船）统一姿态基准系统中甲板变形分析

为了研究舰船甲板的变形,此文对甲板结构进行了简化,建立了甲板受力的数学模型。分别在舰船处于中垂和中拱两种状态下,对舰船甲板受横向载荷、总纵弯矩及两者共同作用下的变形进行了计算。     

混凝土箱梁水化热温度试验研究

研究目的:温度应力已被认为是混凝土箱梁开裂的主要原因之一。为了掌握水化热温度沿箱梁截面的分布规律,并根据混凝土施工工艺状况,估算温差应力,特对混凝土箱梁进行了水化热温度试验,为箱梁设计与施工提供有益的参考。研究方法:水化热温度测试选取了梁体的跨中及端部截面,按照能够充分反映箱梁水化热变化情况的原则,分别在顶板、底板、腹板布置了内埋式温度传感器,从混凝土入模开始,量测水化热温度的变化情况。研究结果:根据温度测试结果,可以绘制出混凝土水化热温度随观测时间变化的曲线。通过对秦沈客运专线箱梁温度测试结果的总结分析,重点阐述了箱梁混凝土早期水化热温度发展的一般规律,其中包括水化热温度时程曲线的一般形式、温升基本规律、温降基本规律、混凝土的温度梯度、入模温度与温度峰值的关系等,并提出了防止温差过大而引起混凝土开裂的工程措施。     

Study on J-integral with SENB specimensin a condenser material

A series of tests was performed with three-point single-edge-notched-bend (SENB) specimens in a condenser material (Titanium alloy). Results show that the J-integral values of welded joint and HAZ are obviously smaller than those of the base metal. It signifies that the welding process can result in a reduced toughness of Titanium alloy and the effect of crack orientation on toughness value is not negligible for engineering applications. Besides, the J-integral values of L-T direction specimens are much higher than those of LS ones. The J-integral values of rolled ring are: J_(C-R)>J_(C-L)>J_(L-R).     

板桩码头的有限元解法及计算机处理

介绍采用竖向弹性地基梁法计算板桩码头的要点。