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91.
Efficient port services are prerequisites for competitive and sustainable maritime transports. This paper makes advances in studying the determinants of the time that ships spend in port and the associated emissions to air. We estimate a production model for cargo handling based on a unique dataset containing each port of call at the largest container terminals in Norway in 2014. In turn, we use auxiliary engine emission factors to estimate particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions from ships at berth, to determine how the corresponding damage costs of air pollution vary with container throughput, location, and terminal investments. We find that Norwegian container terminals operate under increasing returns to density. Small ships that unload few containers are far from reaping economies of density, leading to high marginal time requirements for container handling and consequently high marginal external costs. From a Pigouvian taxation perspective, port charges should therefore be regressive in the number of containers handled. Moreover, we find that the external costs of maritime transports are severely understated when port operations are ignored. Our model allows determining the marginal productivities of port facilities. Thereby, it is instrumental in designing port charges that are diversified according to the quantity of containers handled and the service quality (i.e., the speed of handling operations). Regarding contextual factors, we find that establishing high-frequent liner services improves the ship working rate, while simultaneous calls at a terminal impede productivity. The type of container (loading/unloading; empty/laden) also appears to influence the duration of ship working. 相似文献
92.
93.
针对目前一些船舶在恶劣海况下遇到的加速问题,以及通过转速禁区时间过长的问题,从螺旋桨匹配和主机内部设计两方面进行原因分析。围绕转速禁区功率裕度,结合相关案例,从轻螺旋桨裕度、转速禁区及MAN主机输出扭矩能力等方面入手,提出改进措施。 相似文献
94.
The focus of this paper is on the productive efficiency of ports. We estimate a directional technology distance function using parametric techniques to analyze the production technology and technical efficiency of a set of Spanish Port Authorities observed over the period 1993–2012. Technical inefficiency is conceived as the ability of ports to simultaneously expand a given output and contract variable inputs while maintaining quasi-fixed inputs and other outputs constant. Thus, for containerized cargo we address the following question: Given the amount of quasi-fixed inputs used by the firm and given the volume of the other outputs (liquids, solids, non-containerized cargo and passenger traffic), could ports increase their containerized merchandise while simultaneously reducing their variable inputs? Similar questions are asked for solid bulk and non-containerized general cargo. Our results show evidence of technical inefficiency among the ports in our sample. In particular, if the ports operated efficiently, we find that containerized cargo could be expanded by an average of over 6.4%, with an equivalent reduction in variable inputs. Solid bulk cargo and general non-containerized cargo could be increased by 4.1% and 6.1% respectively, with corresponding reductions in variable inputs. An implication of our results is that there is ample scope for specialization on the part of ports with no increase in infrastructure costs. Given that large investments in infrastructure have been made in Spanish port over the last decade, this opens the possibility of moving towards a management model based on taking advantage of existing capacity rather than new investments. 相似文献
95.
为了评价城市绿色交通,建立了城市绿色交通评价体系,包括环保性指标等3个评价项目和道路绿化率等8个评价指标,文章通过案例分析发现,价值函数法适用于城市绿色交通评价。采用专家打分法确定指标权重系数,并对指标进行无量纲化、同趋向化等处理,采用价值函数法计算评价体系得分。 相似文献
96.
文章从光面爆破机理、光面爆破技术中各主要参数的确定,以及光面爆破在实际工程中的应用几个方面出发,以深圳地铁安-侨区间隧道硬岩段施工为例,研究分析了如何利用光面爆破技术来提高城市地铁浅埋暗挖法的光爆效果,特别是近距离穿越重要建(构)筑物时如何有效进行光面爆破。 相似文献
97.
为探究圭嘎拉高海拔隧道施工人员体力劳动强度水平,评价施工工序劳动强度,选择圭嘎拉隧道进口段(海拔4 300 m)及1#斜井段(海拔4 560 m)的施工人员作为测试对象,分别测量不同工序下施工人员的生理指标(心率、血氧饱和度、耗氧量)。基于耗氧量计算能量代谢率,进而计算各工序的劳动强度指数。结果表明: 1)260 m的海拔高差造成的施工综合劳动强度指数差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05); 2)二次衬砌钢筋绑扎是所测施工工序中劳动强度最大的工序,该工序下施工人员的心率、血氧饱和度和平均能量代谢率都出现超过卫生限值的情况,劳动强度指数达到35(极重); 3)海拔为4 300~4 560 m时,隧道各施工工序劳动强度大部分为中度-极重度。 相似文献
98.
Toshiyuki Yamamoto 《Transportation》2009,36(3):351-366
The interactions among different types of vehicle ownership including car, motorcycle and bicycle are examined by developing
simultaneous vehicle ownership models in this study. Large scale person trip survey data for Osaka metropolitan area, Japan
and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are used for empirical analysis. The results suggest that population density at residential area
significantly and negatively affects car ownership for both areas, and that the effects are larger for Osaka metropolitan
area than for Kuala Lumpur. Also, bicycle ownership becomes higher at higher population density area for Osaka area, while
higher at lower population density area for Kuala Lumpur, which represents the different usage patterns of bicycle between
the two areas.
相似文献
Toshiyuki YamamotoEmail: |
99.
100.
一种基于独立成分分析和径向基神经网络的人脸识别新方法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
提出了一种新的基于独立成分分析和径向基神经网络的人脸识别方法。独立成分分析可以从高阶上消除特征数据的相关性,改进了主成分分析方法只能从2阶上消除数据相关性的弱点;最终特征数据的分类由RBF神经网络来实现。在人脸数据库上的实验结果表明该新方法的识别性能较其他方法有了很大提高。 相似文献