“速度”是高成本时代的生产运营策略

在"中国制造"的成本优势正在或已经丧失、高成本时代到来时期,通过提高加工对象通过生产和流通过程的"速度"这一生产运营策略,来应对当前企业所面对的市场多变和高成本的困境,培育企业在生产运营领域的竞争优势。     

提速道岔尖轨与基本轨不密贴解决对策

依据分动钩式外锁闭装置技术标准规定,在分析了分动钩式外锁闭提速道岔的结构的基础上,对道岔尖轨与基本轨之间存在2mm不密贴间隙问题进行了探讨,提出了解决方案,并介绍了现场实际运用情况.     

The flight perturbation problem

Airlines spend considerable time, effort and financial resources on planning. It is essential to create a competitive timetable and construct a fleet and a crew schedule that utilizes these resources to the maximum. Unfortunately, it is all too common that an airline is faced with the necessity of reconstructing their schedules due to some unforeseen event, for example an aircraft breakdown or a crew member that is indisposed. In this paper, an application that can help airlines solve the complex problem of reconstructing aircraft schedules is presented. A mixed integer multicommodity flow model with side constraints is developed and further reformulated into a set packing model using the Dantzig—Wolfe decomposition. Cancellations, delays and aircraft swaps are used to resolve the perturbation, and the model ensures that the schedule returns to normal within a certain time. Two column generation schemes for heuristically solving the model are tested on real problem data obtained from a Swedish domestic airline. The computational tests show that the application is capable of presenting high quality solutions in a few seconds and therefore can be used as a dynamic decision support tool by the airlines.     

Incompleteness and clarity in bus contracts: Identifying the nature of the ex ante and ex post perceptual divide

In the transport sector, many types of contracts exist. Some are very precise, and strive for completeness; others are very ‘light-weight’ and are incomplete. Bus and coach contracts, won through competitive tendering or negotiation, are typically incomplete in the sense of an inability to verify all the relevant obligations, as articulated through a set of deliverables. This paper draws on recent experiences in contract negotiation, and subsequent commitment in the bus sector, to identify what elements of the contracting regime have exposed ambiguity and significant gaps in what the principal expected, and what the agent believed they were obliged to deliver. We develop a series of regression models to investigate the extent of discrepancy between the principal and the agents perceived ‘understanding’ of contract obligations. The empirical evidence, from a sample of bus operators, is used to identify the extent of perceived incompleteness and clarity across a sample of bus contracts. A noteworthy finding is the important role that a trusting partnership plays in reducing the barriers to establishing greater clarity of contract specification and obligations, and in recognition of the degree of contract completeness.     

立体化心理健康教育模式的构建及成效报告

心理健康教育从深层次和发展取向上看,正在面临着一个模式构建的课题.这种模式的构建是适应进一步加强和改进高校德育工作的需要,也是全面推进素质教育的需要.本研究从调查研究实践的基础之上,运用现代心理学、教育学理论提出行之有效的心理健康教育的层次网络化模式.该模式在实践中应用之后,极大促进了心理健康水平的提高,并得到了社会的广泛认可,新华社、《中国青年报》、《江南都市报》等新闻媒体曾多次对心理健康教育的显著成效进行推介.     

Comparison of emerging ground propulsion systems for electrified aircraft taxi operations

Aviation is a mode with high fuel consumption per passenger mile and has significant environmental impacts. It is important to seek ways to reduce fuel consumption by the aviation sector, but it is difficult to improve fuel efficiency during the en-route cruise phase of flight because of technology barriers, safety requirements, and the mode of operations of air transportation. Recent efforts have emphasized the development of innovative Aircraft Ground Propulsion Systems (AGPS) for electrified aircraft taxi operations. These new technologies are expected to significantly reduce aircraft ground-movement-related fuel burn and emissions. This study compares various emerging AGPS systems and presents a comprehensive review on the merits and demerits of each system, followed with the local environmental impacts assessment of these systems. Using operational data for the 10 busiest U.S. airports, a comparison of environmental impacts is performed for four kinds of AGPS: conventional, single engine-on, external, and on-board systems. The results show that there are tradeoffs in fuel and emissions among these emerging technologies. On-board system shows the best performance in the emission reduction, while external system shows the least fuel burn. Compared to single-engine scenario, external AGPS shows the reduction of HC and CO emissions but the increase of NO_x emission. When a general indicator is considered, on-board AGPS shows the best potential of reducing local environmental impacts. The benefit-cost analysis shows that both external and on-board systems are worth being implemented and the on-board system appeals to be more beneficial.     

共享单车影响下小汽车出行方式转移机理研究

从小汽车到共享单车参与的出行模式转变是解决交通与环境问题的有效方法之一.本文通过对南京市 308名小汽车出行者进行问卷调查,探讨了共享单车影响下心理因素对小汽车出行模式转移的影响.通过建立改进后的技术接受模型,研究了感知有用性,感知易用性和感知健康价值对共享单车的态度,以及对出行方式转移意愿的影响.结果表明,通过作用于共享单车的态度,感知健康价值和感知易用性对转移意愿产生积极影响,感知有用性则产生直接的积极影响.共享单车可以在短途出行中替代小汽车,中距离下出行者最有可能受到激励从小汽车用户转变为潜在的共享单车接驳公共交通使用者,而长距离下共享单车较难影响小汽车出行者的出行方式选择.     

节点攻击下的海上联合作战网络鲁棒性研究

海上联合作战网络的鲁棒性是影响作战效能的关键因素之一。当某一兵力遭到攻击毁伤后,可能导致其余兵力任务或信息量超过其处理能力,即产生级联毁伤。本文以水面和水下多兵力协同作战为背景,构建由2个节点数相同的作战子网络构组成的双层相依网络。通过设定不同的相依模式和负载分配方式,获得海上联合作战网络鲁棒性的变化情况。仿真结果表明,对度正相关的作战网络,按初始比例分配任务和信息量能保证其鲁棒性最强;对于度随机相关或负相关的作战网络,需通过适当调整分配的非均匀比例来提高网络的鲁棒性。     

Assessing the impact of tactical airport surface operations on airline schedule block time setting

With the growth of air traffic, airport surfaces are congested and air traffic operations are disrupted by the formation of bottlenecks on the surface. Hence, improving the efficiency and predictability of airport surface operations is not only a key goal of NASA’s initiatives in Integrated Arrival/Departure/Surface (IADS) operations, but also has been recognized as a critical aspect of the FAA NextGEN implementation plan. While a number of tactical initiatives have been shown to be effective in improving airport surface operations from a service provider’s perspective, their impacts on airlines’ scheduled block time (SBT) setting, which has been found to have direct impact on airlines’ on-time performance and operating cost, have received little attention. In this paper, we assess this impact using an econometric model of airline SBT combined with a before/after analysis of the implementation of surface congestion management (SCM) at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in 2010. Since airlines do not consider gate delay in setting SBT, we find that reduction in taxi-out time variability resulting from SCM leads to more predictable taxi-out times and thus decreases in SBT. The JFK SCM implementation is used as a case study to validate model prediction performance. The observed SBT decrease between 2009 and 2011 at JFK is 4.8 min and our model predicts a 4.2 min decrease. In addition, Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) is used as an example to demonstrate how different surface operations improvements scenarios can be evaluated in terms of SBT reduction.