汽车起重机简介

简要介绍了汽车起重机近年来国内外市场发展概况,并逐一介绍了汽车起重机的主要组成和特点,以及汽车起重机发展格局．     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

Workshop report - Public transport markets in development

Developing countries and countries in transition represent between 85% and 90% of the world’s population and face unique public transport challenges that are not necessarily present in developed countries. Issues such as the affordability and accessibility of public transport, funding support and capacity to implement are some of the challenges these countries face. Barriers to strategy implementation in these countries could be a failure to understand the broader business and social environment, poor leadership, a lack of inter-disciplinary and inter-implementer collaboration, and weak monitoring and feedback loops. Weak institutional frameworks are evidenced in inappropriate structures often resulting in institutional inertia and conflict. Over-promising of potential impacts and benefits together with a failure to develop sustainable funding mechanisms often lead to a lack of implementation. The workshop argued that different competition and ownership solutions are needed for a range of factors. This poses a challenge to the THREDBO community as it could mean that the traditional concepts are either not relevant or not usable in the majority of the world’s developing countries, or that the traditional approaches are relevant in many respects but need to be substantially extended and adapted to be applicable and usable in the rest of the world.     

大骨节病x线征指关节指畸形演变过程

通过对2～3岁123例大骨节病儿和84例病区健康儿4年连续观察发现,123例大骨节病儿中有100例(81.3%)有干骺端改变,其中1～4年干骺端自愈率分别为22%、43%、57.8%、73.6%,头两年内自愈者占自愈人数的76.8%,2～6岁自愈率为92.9%,7～10岁为66.7%,11～13岁为20.5%,有骨端改变者81例(66.9%),4年观察中骨端无1例自愈,好转者仅6例(7.4%),不变者31例(38.2%),恶化者44例(54.4%),近端指间关节与指宽比值异常者31例(25.2%),其中12例持续不变,2例转为正常,17例由正常变为异常;指长与掌宽比值异常者有2例,无新异常者发生。84例健康儿近端指关节与指宽比值、指长与掌宽比值均正常,也无新异常者发生。由以上结果可见,干骺端自愈率高,速度快,骨端无自愈者,好转率也低,二者作为观察指标均存在一定问题,作者认为,干骺端作为评价防治效果指标最好设内对照,并需其它指标作佐证,而近端指关节与指宽比值可能是这方面的定量性参考指标之一。     

高校大学生科技创新活动运行问题探讨与对策分析

文章分析了目前高校科技创新活动的现状和存在的问题,并根据存在的问题进行了分析,针对分析因素,最终指出统一思想、高度重视是保证大学生科技创新活动成功运行的前提条件;制定完善的政策和制度是开展大学生科技创新活动的重要保证;开设相应的课程体系,将创新教育融入课程是有效方法;组建科研小组进而因材施教,分类指导是必要途径;保证持续充足的经费和软硬件建设是重要基础。     

伺服技术的应用与发展趋势

概述了伺服技术的发展过程和发展状况,对伺服技术的种类进行了对比,并对其应用进行了讨论,指出了其未来的发展趋势.     

舰船甲板防滑涂料技术现状及发展趋势

从有机甲板防滑涂料和无机甲板防滑涂料两个方面阐述舰船甲板防滑涂料的技术发展及应用情况,并针对舰载机甲板防滑涂料的国内外发展概况进行重点介绍。结合当前甲板防滑涂料的发展情况,分析舰用新型甲板防滑涂料的发展趋势,指出我国甲板防滑涂料研制的重点发展方向。目前,舰船甲板部位的涂料正向无溶剂、水性化、功能性等方向发展,舰载机防滑甲板涂料正向低太阳能吸收、高耐久性、快干性、无机型等方向发展,我国应重点发展长效、环保、多功能和施工方便的舰船甲板涂料。

     

A comparison of Chinese,Japanese, and Korean shipyard production technology

This paper compares Chinese, Korean, and Japanese shipyard production technology. Development in the world shipbuilding over recent years has influenced focus areas related to shipyard manufacturing technologies and product performance. Software systems, information technology, production technology, and local challenges of shipyards are compared with shipbuilding outputs among these three countries. Various technologies developments, shipyard production and the problems in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean shipyards are discussed respectively. Finally, future areas of research are pointed out.     

舰船研制复杂度及其度量方法

以装备研制风险分析为出发点,结合案例明确了装备研制技术方案指标过高是研制中降性能、拖进度、涨费用等现象产生的根源,应从研制复杂度和成熟度对其进行分析;针对研制复杂度,引入复杂度的概念并结合海军舰船研制的实际情况,将舰船研制复杂度划分为静态和动态2种,对其概念、含义及度量方法分别进行探析;在研制复杂度和成熟度确定的基础上,可结合回归分析、神经网络等方法对装备研制风险进行有效评估,为武器装备论证工作提供辅助决策。     

俄罗斯坦克装甲车辆动力探析

简要介绍了俄罗斯坦克装甲车辆动力近年来的发展情况,对其现有产品的技术水平、与世界先进水平的差距及拟发展的先进技术进行了分析,对俄罗斯坦克装甲车辆动力的发展特点进行了研究,介绍了主要研发机构及典型产品。