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961.
This paper addresses the issue of using before and after surveys to evaluate behavioural changes in response to transport
policies and investments, a procedure that, we argue is done far too rarely in this profession. Further, it demonstrates very
clearly that, in almost all conceivable cases, there are considerable economies to be obtained by using a panel (again, under-utilised
in our profession) to undertake evaluation, rather than successive independent cross-sectional surveys. The paper also addresses
the critical issue of sample size requirements for measuring changes of a relatively small magnitude in travel behaviour;
i.e., to state, with 95% confidence, that if there is a ∂ percent change in behaviour for the sample, there is a ∂ percent ± e
percent change in the behaviour of the population, where e is the sampling error. In this paper, we present a method for calculating such sample size requirements from first principles
and demonstrate the applicability both hypothetically and then empirically using data from the Puget Sound Transportation
Panel. The formulation enables designers of before and after surveys to investigate the trade-offs between the statistical
accuracy of their predictions and the sample size requirements systematically, without the need to specify ∂ a priori. This
latter point is crucial, we argue, because we have limited information on ∂, yet, as we explain here, it drives the sample
size requirements using alternative, well-cited approaches for calculating sample sizes to assess behavioural change. The
results have important ramifications both for those implementing transport policies intended to produce behavioural change,
especially when a cost-benefit evaluation of the policy is desired, and for those interpreting the results reported in previous
studies. 相似文献
962.
ZHU Guang-ping SUN Hui ZHANG Ming-hui 《船舶与海洋工程学报》2007,6(2):64-69
Array calibration is important in engineering practice. In this paper, fast calibration methods for a ULA's gain and phase errors both in far and near fields are proposed. In the far field, using a single sound source without exact orientation, this method horizontally rotates the array exactly once, performs eigen value decomposition for the covariance matrix of received data, then computes the gain and phase error according to the formulas. In the near field, using the same single sound source, it is necessary to rotate the array horizontally at most three times, build equations according to geometric relations, then solve them. Using the formula proposed in this paper, spherical waves are modified into plane waves. Then eigen values decomposition is performed. These two calibration methods were shown to be valid by simulation and are fast, accurate and easy to use. Finally, an analysis of factors influencing estimation precision is given. 相似文献
963.
二次扩展复数旋转码及其对偶码 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
扩展复数旋转的基础上,提出了二次扩展复数旋转码及其对偶码的概念。就它们的特性作了初步的讨论,并给出了它们的生成矩阵的构造方式及主要参数。经过与扩展复数旋转码和其对偶码相比较,可以看出它们也是一类码率高、纠错能力强的差错控制码。 相似文献
964.
从沿途泄流管道的能能分配出发,对其作用水头的确定进行了分析,并对大阻力配水系统的水头变化进行了探讨,结果表明,对沿途均匀泄流管道来说,其作用水头不能仅以压头为计算依据,而应以总水头为准,正是由于这一差异,使文献[1]、[2]对大阻力配水系统的水头变化及孔口出流量大小的结论是错误的,并指出了导致错误的原因。 相似文献
965.
从城市GDP、交通基础设施、货运量、货运车辆调度、能源和环境6 个要素出发,构建城市货运交通系统动力学模型,对比实施共同配送前后对城市货运交通拥堵、运输费用及货运系统节能减排的效益变化,寻求解决路径. 以济南市为例,确定模型参数及方程,动态仿真实施共同配送的效益. 结果表明:随着载货率提高、平均运距的增长,实施共同配送的边际收益呈递减趋势,配送时间的昼夜错峰调整也有显著影响;在决策区间载货率[70%, 80%]、平均运距[70, 80] km、配送时间昼夜比例[6∶4,7∶3]下,共同配送总体效益最优;节能减排效益仍存在挖掘的潜力,通过提高新能源货运车承担的货运比重,每20%的增加将带来货运系统节能减排平均30%的降低. 相似文献
966.
从神经网络的结构及特点出发,说明了神经网络预测控制系统的构造及工作原理,并着重通过介绍神经网络预测控制在HVAC系统末端控制、中央制冷站能源管理系统、冰蓄冷空调系统中的应用,展观了它在HVAC系统中广泛的应用前景. 相似文献
967.
968.
Nonlinear behavior of jacket platforms is important in both design and rehabilitation issues that depends on the bracing arrangement. Both ductility and strength of the structures derived from pushover analysis are highly related to configuration of the braces. Considering a suitable criterion such as constant weight or constant stiffness and period of the structure in all arrangement cases, one can compare the capacity curves and find the best configuration. In this paper a simple logical method for investigating the strength and ductility of the jacket structure is presented, it is shown that global geometry and configuration of the braces are very important and effective in both strength and ductility parameters. Three parameters, normalized strength, normalized ductility and a combination of these two parameters are defined in order to have an engineering and practical index for comparing the results. At the end of the numerical discussion, the optimum configuration can be found. Such an investigation is very important in the initial design stage. Also, in assessment of existing platforms, it is very important to find the reliable strength and ductility of the structure. Such a study gives a deep view of this issue as well. 相似文献
969.
电动汽车的能量回收在电动汽车出现后不久就被人们所重视,随着各种技术的发展,电动汽车能量回收技术也变得越来越成熟。本文主要研究了电动汽车振动能量回收方式。将部分已经进行的研究进行了归纳,分析了各种回收方式的优劣以及目前面临的问题和解决的建议,并对于电动汽车能量回收的未来发展进行展望。 相似文献
970.
This paper investigates a strategic signal control, which anticipates travelers' route choice response and determines signal timings to optimize network‐wide objectives. In general traffic assignment models are used for anticipating this route choice response. However, model‐reality mismatch usually brings suboptimal solutions to the real system. A repeated anticipatory control resolves the suboptimality and addresses the modeling error by learning from information on model bias. This paper extends the repeated control approach and focuses on the estimation of flow sensitivity as well as its influence on control, which is a crucial issue in implementation of model bias correction. The main objective of this paper is first to analyze the estimation error in the real flow derivative that is estimated from noisy measurements. A dual control method is then presented, improving both optimization objective function and derivative estimation during the control process. The proposed dual algorithm is tested on a simple network as well as on a midsize network. Numerical examples confirm the reliable performance of the new reality‐tracking control strategy and its ability to identify (local) optimal solutions on real traffic networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献