高速公路服务区生活污水处理设施的全过程管理

针对高速公路服务区生活污水处理设施存在的一些问题,推荐了3种污水处理工艺,阐明了选择处理工艺的原则,并对污水处理设施施工过程中存在的问题进行了分析,重点论述了对污水处理设施施工进行的全过程环境监理,并对设备的维护、保养和管理人员的管理进行了简单介绍.     

公路建设项目全程环境管理体系研究

为了加强公路交通环境保护工作,减少公路建设项目全程的自然环境影响与社会环境影响,促进公路环境管理的规范性和有效性,结合公路建设前期、建设期和运营期的环境保护工作要求,从环境计划管理、环境质量管理、环境技术管理和环保投资管理等方面,建立了公路建设项目全程环境管理体系.分析了公路建设项目全程环境影响以及公路环境管理现状,提出了建设项目全程环境管理的概念,对公路建设项目全程环境管理体系的组成部分进行了分析.研究结果表明:公路建设项目全程环境管理体系为公路交通环境保护提供了全面的支持和保障,有利于公路建设项目经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的协调统一.     

侵蚀和冻融环境下水泥土强度的试验研究

某些特殊地区的水泥土地基既受到环境侵蚀又受到冻融循环的影响.通过室内试验的方法,研究水泥土先经受不同浓度和不同pH值的侵蚀性溶液侵蚀下,经过反复冻融后水泥土的强度特征,并探讨其强度改变的机理.试验结果表明,水泥土的强度特性受水化学作用和冻融循环的双重影响,其中水化学作用的影响贯穿全过程,冻融的影响与冻融循环次数关系紧密.结果可为特殊环境地基的设计与工程应用提供指导作用.     

Stress and failure analyses of thermoplastic composite pipes subjected to torsion and thermomechanical loading

The interest of using thermoplastic composite pipes has increased in offshore deepwater oil fields. Thermoplastic composite pipes consist of several carbon/glass fiber reinforced laminate layers to confer stiffness and strength located between inner and outer homogeneous thermoplastic layers for fluid containment and protection. This paper presents a theoretical analysis for thermoplastic composite pipes under combined pure torsion and thermomechanical loading from operational thermal gradients, considering the inner and outer isotropic homogeneous layers and intermediate transversely isotropic laminate ply layers. Perfect bond between adjacent layers and interfaces continuities are assumed. Based on the obtained stresses in the principal material directions, through-thickness failure indexes related to the von Mises and Maximum Stress or Tsai-Hill criteria are respectively evaluated for homogeneous and laminate layers. For each thermal gradient, the limit torque (i.e. when the failure index is equal to 1) is calculated. From the case study, it is observed that without thermal loading or for small operational temperature, failure occurs in the laminate, otherwise it is observed in the inner homogeneous layer. The thickness of the homogeneous layer significantly affects the limit torque and the absolute values of the limit clockwise and anticlockwise torque slightly differ when the operational temperature is included.     

加载波形对LZ50车轴钢疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

在三角波、正弦波、方波3种加载波形下对LZ50车轴钢紧凑拉伸试样开展疲劳裂纹扩展试验,采用扫描电镜观察断口形貌,并结合试验数据分析加载波形对裂纹尺寸增量和扩展速率的影响。结果显示:加载频率较高时,疲劳裂纹扩展行为对波形的敏感性较低,断口形貌基本相同;加载频率较低时,波形对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响增大,断口形貌出现差异;稳态扩展区以疲劳条带为主要扩展机制,三角波加载下的疲劳条带间距明显小于其他2种波形,其失稳扩展区形貌以韧窝为主,且韧窝较其他2种波形下的小且浅。同时,基于LS-DYNA软件和节点位移外推法对CT试样在3种加载波形下的应力强度因子进行计算和分析。结果表明:仿真分析波形对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响机制与试验结果基本一致。     

沥青路面在绿色公路建设发展中的问题分析及应对措施

2020年12月21日,国务院新闻办公室发布《新时代的中国能源发展》白皮书,清晰勾勒了我国在2060年前实现碳中和的"基本路线图"。而在公路建设领域,我国公路及城市道路路面类型大多为沥青路面,沥青路面在新建、改扩建中所面临的能耗巨大、污染严重、旧料回收等环保问题日渐凸显,引发的环境问题不容小觑。本文通过将传统沥青路面的施工工艺流程与低碳、节能等绿色发展理念进行综合分析,阐明了其发展中所面临的诸多环保问题,并利用SWOT分析法对环保沥青的发展态势进行界定,提出了环保沥青材料在不同内外部环境下发展的应对举措,梳理思考了基于传统工法下几种环保沥青路面的发展路线,借以为科技创新引领绿色公路建设的新发展阶段提供一定参考。     

路段环境交通容量优化模型与算法研究

在分析路段环境交通容量主要影响因素的基础上,探讨了路段的污染控制约束条件,以及通行能力约束条件,建立了通行能力和污染控制约束的环境交通容量优化模型,构建了基于增广拉格朗日松弛和辅助问题原则法的模型求解算法.实例结果表明,构建的算法能够快速有效地求解这类环境交通容量优化模型.     

A macroscopic loading model for time-varying pedestrian flows in public walking areas

A macroscopic loading model applicable to time-dependent and congested pedestrian flows in public walking areas is proposed. Building on the continuum theory of pedestrian flows and the cell transmission model for car traffic, an isotropic framework is developed that can describe the simultaneous and potentially conflicting propagation of multiple pedestrian groups. The model is formulated at the aggregate level and thus computationally cheap, which is advantageous for studying large-scale problems. A detailed analysis of several basic flow patterns including counter- and cross flows, as well as two generic scenarios involving a corner- and a bottleneck flow is carried out. Various behavioral patterns ranging from disciplined queueing to impatient jostling can be realistically reproduced. Following a systematic model calibration, two case studies involving a Swiss railway station and a Dutch bottleneck flow experiment are presented. A comparison with the social force model and pedestrian tracking data shows a good performance of the proposed model with respect to predictions of travel time and density.     

Implementing first-in–first-out in the cell transmission model for networks

In traffic assignment models with time-varying flows (dynamic network loading or dynamic traffic assignment), overtaking behaviour is normally not included in the model and, in that case, it is important that the model at least approximates first-in–first-out (FIFO), to prevent deviations from FIFO that are arbitrary or unrealistic or not physically possible. For the cell transmission model (CTM) it has recently been shown that the usual recommended method for preserving FIFO will ensure FIFO for each cell taken separately but does not fully ensure FIFO in the transition between cells and hence does not fully ensure FIFO for sequences of cells or for links or for routes. As a result, deviations from FIFO can easily occur and cumulate along the links or routes. In view of that, we define and analyse three different levels of satisfaction or approximation of FIFO, together with corresponding methods for achieving them. Two of these are existing methods and one is new. We develop, analyse and compare the three methods and the extent to which each of them adheres to FIFO for sequences of cells and links or routes. Also, for two of the methods we present a more detailed algorithm for applying them within the CTM. The paper is concerned with how to implement FIFO in the CTM and not with testing for FIFO or measuring deviations from FIFO.     

The possible designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a SECA: A case study

In view of the ongoing discussions concerning the possible designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA), a modal split model was applied to a case involving the transportation of consolidated cargoes between Thessaloniki, Greece and industrial hubs of northern Germany. A road-only option was assessed against a combined-transport route involving a ferry (Greece–Italy) and a truck-on-train (Italy–Austria) service. The logit model used considers two variables as determinants of the modal selection: transport cost and time. The data are derived from interviews with a small transport service provider, typical for Greece, and are based on actual trips made (revealed preferences). The results predict that the designation of the Mediterranean as a SECA will cause a modal shift in favour of the road-only route by 5.2%, which under certain assumptions can reach 17.1%. However, the environmental implications of the resulting modal choices, calculated through the EcoTransIT World web based tool, are positive in relation to all emissions examined. This is attributed to the longer distance of the combined-transport option in comparison to the road-only one and, the poor environmental performance of the Ro-Pax vessels basically due to the need to maintain a relatively high speed.