Impact of coastal construction on coral reefs in the U.S.‐affiliated pacific Islands

Abstract

During the past century, traditional ownership, control, and use of coral reef habitats in the U.S.‐affiliated islands in the Pacific have declined, exposing them to increased construction for plantation, transportation, military, urban, aquaculture, fisheries, mineral, and resort development. Dredging, filling, and other construction in coral reef and related ecosystems are expected to continue at high levels. Collectively, these activities have resulted in major adverse ecological impacts, many of which can be avoided or reduced to minor levels. Improvements in the design, siting, and construction of coastal projects can be accomplished by early integration of environmental objectives. Ecological baseline surveys; environmental impact assessments; regulatory conditions; guidelines and standards during construction; monitoring of construction; post‐construction evaluation; and long‐range research, planning, and management are among the most useful of the environmental tools to describe reefs and to identify measures to reduce or avoid adverse impacts on coral reefs.     

Establishment of a Dredged Material Disposal Site in the Exclusive Economic Zone: New Zealand

Disposal options for muddy dredged material, especially if lightly contaminated, is an issue facing many countries, particularly if environmental protection and adherence to the Protocols of the London Dumping Convention is a regulatory requirement. For the case of the oceanic islands of New Zealand, disposal of muddy dredged material has become an issue for the prime city of Auckland. Accordingly, it has been necessary to investigate a suitable marine disposal site outside of the territorial seas in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Ideal properties for such a disposal site include a near flat surface on the continental shelf, with sediments of similar textural characteristics to the material being disposed, a site of non-critical benthic ecology, water depths sufficient to enable the disposal site to be monitored (as required under the London Dumping Convention), a site experiencing low shelf currents, not affected by significant wave agitation, and a site not of cultural significance. The approach for site establishment and gaining consent for disposal activities is reviewed. Preliminary investigations supporting a proposed site on the continental shelf in the EEZ are presented.     

浅埋、偏压、软岩隧道进洞施工技术研究

浅埋、偏压、软弱围岩隧道进洞施工一直是隧道施工的难点,通过实例介绍此类隧道施工关键技术,采用重力式挡墙和边仰坡加固措施处理隧道偏压,采用大管棚、超前小导管及套拱法处理隧道浅埋,采用三台阶七步流水法进行软弱围岩洞内施工,同时阐述施工过程中监控量测的方法和对围岩变形的处理措施。     

喷射机械手智能控制系统与喷射路径规划设计研究

为提高隧道施工中混凝土喷射的效率与质量,减轻劳动强度并使作业人员远离喷射区域,在机械化操作的基础上,研发喷射机械手智能化控制系统,对智能化控制系统的构成、各子系统的原理与作用进行介绍。喷射机械手智能化控制系统采用全站仪作为测量仪器,采用定位算法计算隧道大地坐标系与湿喷机基坐标系之间的转换关系; 采用三维激光扫描仪获取待喷面的点云空间坐标,计算待喷面的超欠挖信息; 利用机器人学建立喷射机械手运动学模型,设计正解算法与逆解算法计算喷射机械手的空间位姿,并根据目标空间位姿反算喷射机械手各关节运动值的路径规划系统。工程实践结果表明： 智能化喷射控制系统可以对周边环境进行识别,根据识别结果规划喷射路径,并根据不同区域的超欠挖情况动态控制喷射参量。     

浙东地区公路隧道调光参数影响因素实测分析与调光控制探讨

为掌握公路隧道调光参数的变化特征,更好地解决调光控制与隧道照明需求匹配的问题,采用改进的环境简图法结合环形线圈车检器同步获取浙东沿海丘陵地区6条公路隧道的长序列洞外亮度L20(S)和交通流数据。实测结果表明： 1）对浙东地区,公路隧道春、夏、秋、冬季的L20(S)峰值比例约为0.95∶1∶0.95∶0.85,晴天、云天、阴天、重阴天的L20(S)比例约为1∶0.6∶0.18∶0.11; 2）L20(S)是影响浙东地区公路隧道照明需求的主要因素,其对调光控制节能的贡献超过95%,交通流对隧道照明需求的影响较为有限; 3）隧道越短,调光控制所取得的节能效果越显著,短隧道采用无级调光,照明能耗可降低50%以上。     

Experimental and numerical investigations on laser-welded corrugated-core sandwich panels subjected to air blast loading

Experimental investigations on the laser-welded triangular corrugated core sandwich panels and equivalent solid plates subjected to air blast loading are presented. The experiments were conducted in an explosion tank considering three levels of blast loading. Results show that the maximum deflection, core web buckling and core compaction increased as the decrease of stand-off distance. Back face deflections of sandwich panels were found to be nearly half that of equivalent solid plates at the stand-off distances of 100 mm and 150 mm. At the closest stand-off distance of 50 mm, the panel was found to fracture and fail catastrophically. Autodyn-based numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the dynamic response of sandwich panels. A good agreement was observed between the numerical calculations and experimental results. The model captured most of the deformation/failure modes of panels. Finally, the effects of face sheet thickness and core web thickness on the dynamic response of sandwich panel were discussed.     

Fisheries in Iwaki after the Fukushima Dai'ichi Nuclear Accident: Lessons for Coastal Management under Conditions of High Uncertainty?

This article evaluates factors driving perception of risk and uncertainty in fisheries in Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, following the Fukushima Dai'ichi nuclear accident. Particular attention is paid to lessons that may be learned for managing uncertainties and risks in coastal management more generally. The 2011 accident has had profound effects on Fukushima fisheries. Commercial coastal fisheries have been stopped since, and efforts to understand and monitor the effects of marine radioactive contamination on produce from the sea continue. Small-scale trial fisheries have, however, re-commenced with a view to gradually re-starting Fukushima fisheries over time. Drawing on in-depth interviews, discussion groups, and field observations from Iwaki and Fukushima Prefecture more widely, three factors are discussed: the role of trusted local-level points of contact; the value of transparent monitoring and screening that acknowledges remaining limitations and uncertainties; and the importance of taking seriously the cultural dimensions of rapid and potentially irreversible environmental change.     

海洋非金属管道在位稳性数值模拟

文章研究了在波流水动力荷载作用下海洋非金属管道管土接触的在位稳性。通过嵌入UWAVE子程序的ABAQUS施加考虑升力的水动力荷载,编写基于Zhang理论弹塑性模型自定义管土接触单元,对管道进行动态分析。结果发现管道的应力应变处于较低水平,在位状态失效不是由强度破坏造成的;不考虑升力将使管道陷深增大,侧向位移受到约束。最后做了参数分析,包括管道安装过程中的集中荷载效应、海床土壤类型及考虑海床不平整造成的悬跨段长度。     

利用极限质心高度的半潜船装载能力分析

结合某半潜船空载静水力数据和液舱的相关数据提出一种半潜船质心高度计算方法,然后根据半潜船的稳性变化曲线得到其稳性随吃水变化的控制点,通过对比半潜船的质心高度与极限质心高度来确定其装载大型沉箱及异形型沉箱的施工可行性,可进一步形成具有查询、计算功能的数据库为施工人员决策提供参考。     

基于修正CS模型的船用低碳钢动态力学性能研究

为了得到船用低碳钢的动态力学性能及本构关系,运用静态试验机及分离式Hopkinson压杆加载装置,在应变率为0.000 2~3 900 s-1范围内得到了准静态拉伸及动态压缩条件下的应力应变曲线,对Cowper-Symonds材料模型进行了修正,得到了两种形式的本构关系,并讨论了模型的适用性。结果表明:船用低碳钢具有明显的应变率强化效应和非线性应变硬化效应;两种动态本构关系可以描述材料在冲击荷载下的力学性能;模型在高应变率(2 000 s-1)下的使用应慎重。