船舶柴油机减排新形势与技术发展

重点介绍了近年来船舶排放法规的变化、船舶柴油机排放控制技术的发展趋势以及超低排放船舶柴油机研究的最新进展。     

General statistics of diesel engines’ idle time: Shunting locomotives in industrial sidings in Poland 2009…2013

Shunting locomotive/switcher (AmE)/utilization profiles are analyzed in this paper, in particular on the basis of idle time data collected in nineteen Polish industrial sidings and yards. 40 years old, diesel-electric locomotives are observed during 1000 h. Idle times related to work cycles are analyzed statistically. The percentage of the shunting locomotive daily operating time that the engine is operating at idle amounts to 70% (from 55% to 90%), and average daily idle fuels consumption amounts to 150 l a day (from 90 to 240 l a day).Many European and Asian countries still operate a significant number of similar (ChME3, e.g. S200) old, diesel-electric locomotives (almost 8000 locomotives have been produced), for moving trains over long distances and as shunting locomotives.Observed frequent short idle time periods suggest necessity of widening future scope of idling times’ analysis. Adaptation of Polish rolling stock will be possible using prior general public education about dangerous carcinogens in diesel exhaust smoke and fuel waste related to diesel engines’ idling. Simple simultaneous depiction of diesel engine power time series together with idle time could be used for educational visualization of idling among a wider audience. In the future classical aggregated idle time statistics should be supplemented by models that are more related to the variability of shunting locomotives diesel generator’s power time series, e.g. distribution of frequent short individual idle time cases.     

汽车尾气污染防治的技术与对策

对于汽车尾气污染防治的技术与对策问题,从法规的建立、汽车发动机自身技术的改进以及机外处理技术三个方面进行论述,并介绍当前汽油和柴油车尾气处理的新技术,将有利于汽车尾气排放达到新的水平。     

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a triple-fuel spark-ignition engine powered passenger car

This paper examines the influence of compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline fuel on the exhaust emissions and the fuel consumption of a spark-ignition engine powered passenger car. The vehicle was driven according to the urban driving cycle and extra urban driving cycle speed profiles with the warmed-up engine. Cause and effect based analysis reveals potential for using different fuels to reduce vehicle emission and deficiencies associated with particular fuels. The highest tank to wheel efficiency and the lowest CO₂ emission are observed with the natural gas fuelled vehicle, that also featured the highest total hydrocarbon emissions and high NO_x emissions because of fast three way catalytic converter aging due the use of the compressed natural gas. Retrofitted liquefied petroleum gas fuel supply systems feature the greatest air-fuel ratio variations that result in the lowest TtW efficiency and in the highest NO_x emissions of the liquefied gas fuelled vehicle.     

车用尾气催化净化技术综述

内燃机经过多年的发展仍然是汽车和工程机械的主要动力源,有害污染物的排放是其面临的主要问题之一。对于车用内燃机,尾气后处理催化转化技术的应用已经成为各大汽车生产厂家满足各国严格排放标准的主流技术方案。本文在车用尾气催化转化的基本原理的基础上,分析了氧化催化技术和还原催化技术应用现状及前景,并提出未来催化转化技术发展方向。     

低温和常温环境下 EGR冷却器积碳台架试验对比研究

为研究发动机低温和常温环境下EGR冷却器积碳的差异性，以两台相同型号和配置的国Ⅵ柴油机为试验对象，设计了常温 （25 ℃）、低温 （-8 ℃） 两种不同环境温度下EGR积碳发动机896 h台架试验。结果表明，低温环境下EGR冷却器的积碳程度和速度均大于常温，换热效率下降幅度和压力损失增大幅度均大于常温；EGR冷却器积碳导致的换热效率下降是试验后NOx、PM排放增大，HC排放减小的主要原因，冷却器换热效率下降越严重排放变化越明显；HC的冷凝会导致废气中 HC浓度的下降，排气温度和冷却介质的冷却能力都对 EGR管道内 HC浓度的下降有影响，但是冷却介质的冷却能力起主导作用。     

基于排气系统挂钩位置和结构的座椅抖动优化

基于数值模拟和试验研究了某SUV主驾驶员座椅在加速时抖动较大的问题，结果表明，主驾驶员座椅2号安装点的振动加速度峰值在44.5 Hz附近远超目标值，是引起座椅抖动较大的主要原因。结合基于平均驱动自由度位移法所获得的理想挂钩布置点、排气系统结构和车身底部空间，优化了挂钩位置。通过挂钩尺寸和搭接结构优化，大幅提高了排气系统挂钩的一阶局部模态。优化方案各挂钩-主驾驶员座椅安装点的振动传递函数峰值明显降低，最大降幅百分比为36.7%。样车道路测试时主驾驶员座椅靠背测点的振动加速度峰值由1.19 mm/s2降至0.66 mm/s2，主观评价结果满足设计要求。     

地铁复合式屏蔽门系统火灾特性分析

复合式屏蔽门系统是在全封闭屏蔽门的上方安装组合式电动风阀,并接入车站机电控制系统.当站台发生火灾时,该系统可根据火灾发生在站台端部还是站台中部,有针对性地启动不同火灾模式,既能解决传统站台排烟方案对新规范的适应性问题,也能有效解决一直以来站台中部楼扶梯口排烟困难的问题.通过各地不同类型的车站实测得出,排烟效果较为理想,...     

Influence of exhaust parameters on mid-infrared radiative characteristics of the plume北大核心CSCD

[Objectives] Infrared radiative (IR) characteristics of the plume are the main part of ship infrared radiation. The influence analysis of exhaust parameters on radiative characteristics is very important for developing ship stealth and anti-stealth technology. [Methods]In this work, the line-by-line method is applied to solve radiative transfer in gaseous media. Infrared radiative images of plumes under different temperatures and flow rates are obtained. Radiance, spectral radiative intensity, and spectrum-integrated radiative intensity over 3−5 µm are calculated and analyzed. [Results]Results show that there are obvious peaks of spectral radiative intensity curves at 4.18µm and 4.43 µm, and an obvious valley at 4.26 µm. [Conclusions] The infrared radiation characteristics of the ships exhaust plume are greatly affected by the exhaust temperature, but less affected by the exhaust flow rate. © 2023 The Author(s).     

外部气流影响下的船舶通风口烟气扩散试验

为预先确定船舶初步设计中的通风口系统在外部气流场作用下的排气效果，找出设计方案在通风口排气方面存在的问题，采用计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics，CFD）和风道试验的方法进行研究。以外部气流作用下的通风口烟气扩散试验为研究对象，建立含通风口边界条件的风道三维网格模型，求解不同气体流速下的黏性不可压缩定常流动。计算不同外部气流速度下和不同通风口布局下排气中的CO2分布扩散情况，结果表明来流速度增大会加快CO2体积分数沿流向的衰减速率，削弱CO2横向扩散程度。根据试验结果验证计算的准确性，证明应用CFD技术可评估通风口布局的优劣。