液化气船航行安全评价指标体系的确定

分析液化气运输中影响航行安全的有关因素,提出综合评价液化气船航行安全的指标体系,为进一步定量分析液化气船航行安全提供依据.     

大电流MAG焊焊缝成形的影响因素研究

采用高速摄像法对大电流MAG焊的电弧形态、熔滴过渡形式对焊缝成形的影响进行了研究。介绍了不同的气体对焊缝成形的影响。     

SHT-2000灭火系统及其在地铁工程中的应用

对目前地铁中使用的哈龙(Halon)1301、FM200、烟络尽(Inergen)等气体灭火系统与一种新型气体灭火系统--SHT-2000型进行比较.介绍了SHT-2000型气体灭火系统的技术特点和优良性能.详细说明了气体型灭火检验标准与要求.指出SHT-2000型全淹没灭火系统是当前对Halon 1301的最佳替代品,这是一种适用于地铁工程的新型气体灭火技术.     

南京地铁1号线的气体灭火设计

结合南京地铁1号线的工程设计,将七氟丙烷(HFC-227)气体消防工程设计中经常遇到的一些问题,如管网设计距离、系统管网的管道内容积、七氟丙烷的喷放时间等,在满足技术规范要求的前提下所采取的解决方案做了阐述.这些方法的使用大大缩短了工程设计时间.介绍了南京地铁1号线报警灭火系统的结构,气体灭火系统与车站火灾报警系统的通信方案.     

城市公共加油站规划技术要求

针对国内目前涉及公共加油站规划管理的标准和研究文献较少,且针对性不强、管理尺度不一的问题,采用调查论证、定性分析、定量分析和经验总结的方法,对现有标准和文献存在的问题进行分析,并对广州地区近10年加油站规划、管理的实践经验进行总结.系统探讨城市公共加油站在选址定点、空间布局、用地面积以及内部平面布置等方面的技术要求,以建立与城市发展相适应、布局合理、竞争有序、功能完善的现化化加油站销售服务网络体系.     

乙醇/柴油发动机醇醛排放的测试技术研究

为了测量乙醇/柴油发动机新的排放物——乙醇和乙醛,对气相色谱分析测试技术进行了研究。通过对不同采样方法和采样条件的比较分析,确定了以去离子水作为吸收液的冰水浴两级吸收采样方法,实现了对发动机尾气中乙醇和乙醛的采样,吸收效率大于96%;通过引入采样系统稀释系数、流量校正系数和吸收效率修正系数的理论计算,提高了测量的准确度;建立了一套完整的色谱分析方法和色谱标定方法,利用气相色谱仪实现了对样品中乙醇和乙醛的分离定量测试;整个测量系统对排气中的乙醇和乙醛检测限值为0.1×10-6,最大极限误差为0.5×10-6,并在一台实际乙醇/柴油发动机上进行了应用。     

消声器内部流场及其对消声性能影响

在自行设计建造的消声器静态试验台上,对某型消声器在有、无气流两种情况下进行了试验研究,并根据试验进行了消声器内部流场CFD仿真研究。研究表明,气流在一定的速度范围内对消声器消声量影响很小,当超出范围时消声量随气流速度的增大而减小,同时消声器压力损失也加大。说明流速和内部结构是影响消声器性能的重要因素。     

套筒式收发球在天然气管道内检测中的应用

为解决特殊清管器和检测器以及有特殊结构收发球筒的管道难以实施内检测的问题,以某天然气管道为例,详细介绍了在多节检测器安装困难、收发球筒尺寸过短、附件安装位置不合适等限制条件下,采用套筒式收发球方式对管道进行收发球作业,安全顺利完成了管道内检测。结论认为套筒式收发球能够在不进行收发球筒改造的前提下,完成带有特殊结构收发球筒的管道内检测作业。     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.