The contribution of road traffic to particulate matter and metals in air pollution in the vicinity of an urban road

A detailed investigation was conducted to study the sources of particulate matter in the vicinity of an urban road in Žilina. To determine the amount of particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁) present in the ambient air, a reference gravimetric method was used. The main objective of this contribution was to identify the sources of these particles by means of statistical methods, specifically principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), and absolute principal component scores (APCS), as well as using the presence of 17 metals in the particulate matter (Na, Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Sb, Cd, Ba, Pb). To identify the metals in the particulate matter samples and to determine their abundances, spectroscopic methods were used, specifically inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Each of these metals may come from a specific source, such as the burning of fossil fuels in fossil fuel power plants; local heating of households; the burning of liquefied fossil fuels in the combustion engines of vehicles; the burning of coal and wood; non-combustion related emissions resulting from vehicular traffic; resuspension of traffic-related dust; and industry. Diesel vehicles and non-combustion emissions from road traffic have been identified as two key sources of the particulate matter. The results reveal that non-combustion emissions, which are associated with the elements Na, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Mo, Sb, Cd, and Pb, are the major contributors, followed by combustion emissions from diesel vehicles, which are associated with the elements Mg, Ca, and Ba.     

隧道结构防排水技术研究

根据设计和有关规范的要求,大部分铁路和公路隧道必须不渗不漏,对隧道及地下工程结构防排水体系设计、性能可靠防排水材料的选择、先进的施工技术和合理的施工工艺的采用和严格的检验和评价体系的建立等几方面的问题进行探讨,并提出一些建议,可有效保证隧道的防排水质量,供设计和施工单位参考。     

无砂大孔混凝土在台背回填中的应用

以西林河大桥为工程背景,对无砂大孔混凝土的配合比进行了设计,对无砂大孔混凝土的密度、强度、透水性等三方面路用性能进行了试验研究,提出了行之有效的施工方案,并对无砂大孔混凝土在台背回填中的综合效益进行了分析。     

连拱隧道洞口线形设计方法探讨

结合连拱隧道自身的结构形式及其特点,对不同线形条件下连拱隧道洞口接线设计方法作一介绍,可为分析、总结连拱隧道洞口接线设计在山区高速公路中的应用情况提供一定的理论依据。     

工程量清单招标方法及其特点

工程量清单招标是国际上普遍通行的招标方法,而在我国积极试行的工程量清单招标方法,大胆探索合理低价中标,符合当前建筑市场的发展所需,值得推广使用。     

无缝线路稳定性可靠度计算及参数敏感性分析

随着我国铁路提速进程的推进,对轨道平顺性的要求日益提高,有砟轨道无缝线路稳定性的研究就显得更加重要。无缝线路稳定性的设计参数（道床横向阻力、轨道原始弯曲、钢轨温升幅度、扣件阻矩系数）具有明显的随机性,运用概率方法对无缝线路稳定性进行分析是十分必要的。本文基于蒙特卡洛方法,分析无缝线路稳定性可靠度,并且采用单参数敏感性分析法,通过改变各参数的平均值,而保持其变异系数不变,对设计参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明,设计参数中的道床横向阻力、轨道原始弯曲、钢轨温升幅度对于无缝线路稳定性可靠度具有较高的敏感性,而扣件阻矩系数对可靠度的影响较小。并且得出一些对于保障行车安全和提高线路养护维修的效益有一定参考价值的结论。     

多媒体计算机网络技术在实验教学应用

信息技术的飞速发展,使计算机在各行业中广泛应用。教育领域自然也不例外,计算机辅助教学方兴未艾,特别是多媒体技术的日益完善,更为其在实验教学领域开辟了广阔的前景。     

孔口倒角工艺及刀具研究

孔、轴加工必然带有轴头、孔口的倒角工序,由其所起的功能和作用不同而具有不同的要求.倒角工序在工艺设计中常常被认为是辅助工序而被工艺设计人员所忽视.这种认识上的偏差,导致对倒角工序的研究长期以来处于停滞状态.由于缺乏对刀具和工艺方法的研究而出现加工效率下降或难以完成整个工序加工内容的现象.现通过对倒角型式的分类、作用的归纳与总结,针对不同的倒角型式采用不同的工艺方法和刀具进行研究,并对常见的结构提出建议与解决方法.     

动态台车吸能装置的试验调试与研究

汽车的被动安全越来越受到人们的关注。安全带动态试验中,机械缓冲吸能装置的钢条排布方式决定了减速度曲线的最终波形,直接关系到试验结果是否满足标准要求。本文针对机械式缓冲吸能装置,采用试验验证的方法,研究钢条的排布方式,并对台车的减速度曲线进行调试与修正,获得了满足法规要求的曲线。大量实际试验表明:通过试验方法获取钢条的排布方式,吸能装置的减速度曲线稳定,可以满足检测和试验需求。     

Vehicle dynamics and road curvature estimation for lane departure warning system using robust fuzzy observers: experimental validation

This paper describes a new approach to estimate vehicle dynamics and the road curvature in order to detect vehicle lane departures. This method has been evaluated through an experimental set-up using a real test vehicle equipped with the RT2500 inertial measurement unit. Based on a robust unknown input fuzzy observer, the road curvature is estimated and compared to the vehicle trajectory curvature. The difference between the two curvatures is used by the proposed lane departure detection algorithm as the first driving risk indicator. To reduce false alarms and take into account driver corrections, a second driving risk indicator based on the steering dynamics is considered. The vehicle nonlinear model is deduced from the vehicle lateral dynamics and road geometry and then represented by an uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. Taking into account the unmeasured variables, an unknown input fuzzy observer is proposed. Synthesis conditions of the proposed fuzzy observer are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities using the Lyapunov method.