Simulation-based severe weather-induced container terminal economic loss estimation

Container terminals play a critical role in maritime supply chains. However, they show vulnerabilities to severe weather events due to the sea–land interface locations. Previous severe weather risk analysis focused more on larger assessment units, such as regions and cities. Limited studies assessed severe weather risks on a smaller scale of seaports. This paper aims to propose a severe weather-induced container terminal loss estimation framework. Based on a container terminal operation simulation model, monthly average loss and single event-induced loss are obtained by using historical hazard records and terminal operation records as model inputs. By studying the Port of Shenzhen as the case study, we find that the fog events in March lead to the longest monthly port downtime and the highest monthly severe weather-induced economic losses in the studied port. The monthly average loss is estimated to be 30 million USD, accounting for 20% of the intact income. The worst-case scenario is found to be a red-signal typhoon attack which results in nearly 20% decrease in the month’s income. The results provide useful references for various container terminal stakeholders in severe weather risk management.     

Pragmatic regularization of element-dependent effects in finite element simulations of ductile tensile failure initiation using fine meshes

For the evaluation of the structural response in accidental scenarios like ship collisions, the simulation of tensile failure initiation is inevitable. Here, one difficulty is that the process of failure initiation is a very local process, which cannot be simulated in its details at present due to the computing effort which would be required. However, there are various approaches how the failure initiation can be simplified and simulated in finite element models of large thin-walled structures. A short overview of these approaches is given. A pragmatic approach, which is suitable for relatively small elements for the simulation of failure initiation in uniaxial to biaxial stress states, is chosen within this paper for further investigations regarding the applicability for thin-walled steel structures. Exemplary simulations with solid and, in particular, shell elements are used to demonstrate how the effects of element size and other element properties can be considered in the simulation of failure initiation. The focus is also on imperfections that are relevant in simulations with small elements. For this purpose, an indentation experiment is simulated with different imperfections.     

季节性冻土地区铁路路基冻结深度变化规律研究

对哈齐(哈尔滨—齐齐哈尔)客运专线DK221+150断面温度场进行实测,并对该断面温度场进行了二维有限元分析,研究季节性冻土地区铁路路基冻结深度变化规律及其影响因素,并拟合出冻结深度与热通量及持续冻结时间的函数关系。结果表明:该地区铁路路基最大冻结深度约0.3 m;路基冻结深度主要取决于浅层土体的热通量及持续冻结时间;当表层热通量降低至某一临界值后,土体冻结深度不再发展,冻土厚度开始逐步减少;冻结深度与热通量、持续冻结时间呈线性关系,随着冻结状态时间的延长,热通量的敏感性下降,持续冻结时间敏感性上升。     

考虑矿物各向异性的地聚物/集料界面静动态交互特征模拟

地聚物作为一种低碳环保、应用潜力广阔的无机结合料，其与不同表面构造集料的界面交互作用直接影响地聚物混凝土的力学性能和耐久性。充分考虑集料矿物晶向的各向异性，采用分子动力学模拟(Molecular Dynamics， MD)从原子分子层次的作用模式和强度分析，模拟了地聚物主要水化成分N-A-S-H、C-A-S-H和集料矿物化学成分SiO₂、CaCO₃不同晶面的静态界面相互作用，并采用单轴拉伸方法从纳米尺度下讨论了不同界面交互的动态力学行为。模拟结果表明：CaCO₃各晶面表现出比SiO₂更强的表面能和表面浸润性，并与C-A-S-H、N-A-S-H的界面相互作用势和拉伸应力更强，但CaCO₃晶面各向异性明显，性能稳定性不及SiO₂。地聚物与集料矿物的相互作用势主要由静电势提供，由于矿物界面静电作用及浸润特征，交互区水分子聚集，氢键作用明显，同时水分子与Ca²⁺、Na⁺进行配位形成水合离子，有助于离子在矿物表面迁移、沉淀与成核生长，增强界面空间位阻效应。在单轴拉伸模拟中，地聚物与集料矿物界面拉伸失效机制包括2个阶段：第1阶段(0 nm＜界面位移d＜0.15 nm)主要克服界面交互的静电作用，第2阶段(0.15 nm≤d≤0.3 nm)主要克服氢键作用。MD模拟有助于从分子尺度揭示地聚物与集料界面作用机制，为进一步研究地聚物混凝土材料优化、交互界面强化及损伤等提供了新方法和理论依据。     

秦岭马白山隧道新型紧急救援站结构型式研究北大核心CSCD

针对艰险山区高速铁路隧道的防灾救援难题,文章依托秦岭马白山隧道,提出了适合该隧道的新型紧急救援站结构型式,并利用FDS软件模拟隧道内纵向通风时列车着火后的烟气扩散,确定了规范中尚未给出的紧急救援站隔离区长度参数。结果表明:(1)秦岭马白山隧道新型紧急救援站结构型式应包括疏散区、隔离区以及待避救援区;(2)利用FDS数值模拟时,在不考虑纵向通风下,烟气沿下坡方向的扩散长度为295 m;考虑沿下坡方向通风时烟气最远扩散长度为980 m,建议隔离区长度设置为1000 m。     

全预制盾构隧道边箱涵精细化施工分析

依托京张高铁清华园隧道工程,介绍清华园隧道工程及其隧道内边箱涵施工工法,并详细讨论边箱涵预制化施工的优缺点。盾构隧道采用全预制轨下结构有5大优点:降低施工现场环境污染,有效改善施工现场工人作业环境,有助于提高工程整体施工效率,降低施工作业风险水平,保障钢筋混凝土构件的质量水平。但依然存在以下缺点:提升构件制造及运输维护费用,构件现场吊装精度要求较高。针对清华园隧道边箱涵吊装施工精细化施工问题进行有限元分析,发现由于边箱涵重心两侧吊装孔距不同,会导致边箱涵近重心侧产生应力集中现象,同时将随着吊装误差的提高应力集中现象显著提升。为保证边箱涵的精细化施工,边箱涵吊装误差不得超过60 mm,两侧边箱涵左右交错拼装施工,建议未来类似工程中异形构件吊装孔设计应考虑吊装误差产生的影响。     

滑差对贝氏体钢轨材料磨损行为的影响

通过对磨试验研究接触应力相同时贝氏体钢轨的磨损率、表面粗糙度、硬度,并结合扫描电镜观测到的磨损表面和剖面的形貌特征,分析不同滑差条件下贝氏体钢轨的磨损行为特征和变化规律.结果表明:接触应力为500 MPa条件下,贝氏体钢轨磨损率随滑差的增大而显著增大,滑差由2%增大到10%时磨损率增大了8倍;小滑差条件下的贝氏体钢轨表面较光滑,有少量疲劳裂纹,以滚动接触疲劳磨损为主;大滑差条件下表面粗糙,有疲劳裂纹、剥落坑和表面划擦痕迹,更接近滑动磨损;增大滑差可导致磨损表面加工硬化率偏大;增大滑差对贝氏体钢轨表面的滚动接触疲劳裂纹在深度方向的扩展几乎无影响,且对塑性变形层厚度影响不明显;大滑差可引发亚表面次表层裂纹.     

Analysis of structural crashworthiness of double-hull ships in collision and grounding

A conceptual design framework for collision and grounding analysis is proposed to evaluate the crashworthiness of double-hull structures. This work attempts to simplify the input parameters needed for the analysis, which can be considered as a step towards a design-oriented procedure against collision and grounding. Four typical collision and grounding scenarios are considered: (1) side structure struck by a bulbous bow, (2) side structure struck by a straight bow, (3) bottom raking, (4) bottom stranding. The analyses of these scenarios are based on statistical data of striking ship dimensions, velocities, collision angles and locations, as well as seabed shapes and sizes, grounding depth and location. The evaluation of the damage extent considers the 50- and 90-percentile values from the statistics of collision and grounding accidents. The external dynamics and internal mechanics are combined to analyse systematically the ship structural damage and energy absorption under accidental loadings.     

Collision course? The North Airfield Safety Study at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)

The LAX North Airfield Safety Study was undertaken by an Academic Panel consisting of the present authors, and was based in large part on a simulation that was conducted at FutureFlight Central at NASA Ames Research Center. The primary aim of the study was “to estimate as specifically as possible the level of future safety associated with several geometrical configurations of the LAX North Airfield.” This paper describes the study, and how it combined information from human-in-the-loop simulations at NASA with historical data from LAX and other US airports about runway incursions and collisions. The analysis indicated that, even under its existing physical layout, LAX North would experience very low risk of runway collisions at traffic levels projected for 2020. That risk could be reduced by about half if the North Airfield runways were reconfigured, and some reconfigurations would also add appreciably to the operational efficiency of the airport. But because the “baseline” level of risk is so low, the Study concluded that “it would be difficult to construct a compelling case on safety grounds alone for reconfiguring the North Airfield.”     

基于杨木木屑改性的隧道工程透水砂浆性能研究

为研制出一种既能适用于初期支护基面找平又具有一定透水能力的砂浆，将杨木木屑加入砂浆试块中对其进行改性。通过对杨木木屑的降解特性进行分析，并将不同掺量的杨木木屑加入砂浆试块中，改变其养护方式，对其体积密度、孔隙率、吸水率、抗压强度等基本性能指标及微观结构进行测试和分析。由试验结果可知： 1）加入杨木木屑后普通砂浆试块的孔隙率和吸水率均提升了2～3倍，但同时也会使砂浆试块的体积密度和抗压强度降低； 2）内掺碱并加碱溶液养护方式的孔隙率和吸水率最高，体积密度和抗压强度最低。对砂浆试块吸水率和抗压强度进行线性拟合后发现其吸水率和抗压强度呈负相关关系。研究结果表明，通过杨木木屑提升砂浆透水性能是可行的，但是杨木木屑掺量和养护方式对砂浆其他性能的影响还有待进一步研究。