Spatio-temporal variations in deep-sea demersal communities off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

The spatial and temporal variations of deep-sea megafaunal assemblages from the western Mediterranean are analysed in the present paper. The assemblages from two locations of the Balearic Islands situated 120 km apart were compared using data collected seasonally on a bathymetric stratum covering the 150–750 m depth range during six bottom-trawl surveys. The assemblage structure, in terms of species composition, species dominance and population sizes, was differentially affected by the spatio-temporal variables analysed (depth, location and fishing period). Although depth was the main factor determining the assemblage composition, the differences obtained between the two locations were also relevant. On the upper slope these between-location differences in the dynamics of megafaunal assemblages were found to be related to the effect of fishing exploitation. Population size-based metrics and biomass spectra were good predictors of meso-scale fishing effects, and were mainly reflected by elasmobranchs and demersal teleosts. Nevertheless, the effects of fishing depended on the species considered. Two dominant large-sized fish species found on the upper slope in both localities, Galeus melastomus and Phycis blennoides, had higher biomass values associated with lower fishing effort. Although the mean body weight (MBW) of both species and also the mean maximum body weight (MMBW) of G. melastomus agreed with this pattern, the P. blennoides MMBW did not. This last case could be indicative of natural size-trends such as the bigger–deeper phenomenon which refers to the displacement of large individuals towards the deeper limit of their bathymetric distribution, beyond the maximum depth sampled in this study for this species. By contrast, the target species of the upper slope fishery, the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, was not negatively affected by the direct impact of fishing activity and other environmental factors, such as the presence of specific water masses could also be important.     

Adapting to Catch Shares: Perspectives of West Coast Groundfish Trawl Participants

Abstract

Catch share programs are used in fisheries management to meet goals such as species recovery, overcapacity reduction, and economic efficiency. Anticipated impacts include fleet consolidation, infrastructure reduction, and social disruption within communities. The Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Social Study (PCGFSS) aims to understand social changes related to the recently implemented West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program. In this article, we use a subset of PCGFSS data to explore the ways remaining fishery participants have thus far adapted to catch shares. While some vessels have left the fishery, we found that many participants are adapting to this catch shares program despite challenges. Quota leasing strategies, fishery diversification, gear innovation, and community quota funds are some of the tools participants are using to continue operating under the catch shares program. These early challenges and adaptations to the catch share program are worthy of continued tracking, as researchers, managers, and fishing communities, would benefit by considering first-hand perspectives of the on-the-ground realities of harvesting groundfish in the rationalized fishery.     

南京市老城区老旧小区停车发展政策与策略

老城区老旧小区停车位配建水平普遍较低,合理制定老旧小区停车发展政策与策略是缓解其停车矛盾的根本措施。首先指出南京市老城区老旧小区普遍存在停车位缺额大、大量车辆转移停放至小区外围道路的问题。基于数据分析不同年代建设的小区停车供需的差异化特征。通过对老城区老旧小区停车趋势进行判断,提出综合治理、多元化、市场化的停车发展思路与策略。最后,从机制与政策、规划与建设、运行与管理等方面提出停车发展政策建议,具体包括通过制定相关政策,鼓励和引导小区建设和改造停车设施;引入交通影响评价制度,针对不同片区确定停车位扩容上限;强化停车秩序管理,以价格杠杆调节停车需求等。     

基于无人机与卡车协作的封控社区生活物资配送方法

针对突发公共卫生事件情况下生活物资被病毒污染,小区内居民交叉感染及配送人员短缺等问题,本文提出一种基于无人机与卡车协作的封控社区生活物资配送方法。首先,规定无人机在完成每次配送后需要返回卡车位置处进行消杀,以配送过程中社区居民交叉感染风险和配送成本最小为优化目标,以配送服务完整性、无人机载货重量限制及生活物资时效性要求等为约束条件,建立混合整数规划模型,协同优化卡车额定载重、停靠位置、所需无人机数量和无人机组配送方案;然后,设计改进多目标粒子群算法求解模型,引入一种特殊的粒子编码方式,并耦合变异算子更新部分码位的粒子位置;最后,以长春市师范南园小区为例进行案例分析,从安全、配送 成本、工作强度及一次性防控物资消耗等4个方面和卡车与人工协作配送模式进行比较分析发现,卡车与人工协作配送方法可以令社区居民交叉感染风险降低至少 91.8%,日配送成本降低16.9%,人力资源投入减少50%,一次性防护物资支出节约46.1%左右。     

Dynamics of suprabenthos-zooplankton communities around the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean): Influence of environmental variables and effects on the biological cycle of Aristeus antennatus

Dynamics of suprabenthos and zooplankton were analyzed in two areas located in the NW (off Sóller harbour) and S (off Cabrera Archipelago) of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) at depths ranging between 135–780 m. Four stations situated respectively at 150 m (shelf-slope break), and at bathyal depths of 350, 650 and 750 m were sampled at bi-monthly intervals during six cruises performed between August 2003 and June 2004. Suprabenthos showed maximum biomass in both areas from late spring to summer (April to August), while minimum biomass was found in autumn (September–November). Though variable, temporal dynamics of zooplankton showed peaks of biomass in late winter and summer (February and June), while minimals occurred in autumn (August–September) and, at bathyal depths, in April. Suprabenthos (abundance; MDS analyses) showed a sample aggregation as a function of depth (3 groups corresponding to the shelf-slope break, upper slope — over 350 m; and the middle, deeper part of the slope — over 650–750 m), without any separation of hauls by season. By contrast, zooplankton samples were separated by season and not by depth. There was evidence of three seasonal groups corresponding to summer (June 2004–August 2003), autumn–winter (September and November 2003, February 2004), and spring (April 2004), being especially well established off Sóller. In general, suprabenthos was significantly correlated with the sediment variables (e.g. total organic matter content (% OM), potential REDOX), whereas zooplankton was almost exclusively dependent on Chl a at the surface, which suggests two different food sources for suprabenthos and zooplankton. The increase of suprabenthos abundance in April–June was paralleled by a sharp increase (ca. 2.8 times) in the %OM on sediment during the same period, coupled ca. 1–2 months of delay with the peak of surface Chl a recorded in February–March (from satellite imagery data). Suprabenthos biomass was also correlated with salinity close to the bottom, suggesting a link between suprabenthos abundance and changes in the oceanographic condition of water masses close to the bottom. It is suggested that a higher suprabenthos biomass recorded off Sóller in comparison to that off Cabrera in June could, in turn, be related to a seasonal inflow of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in April–June in this area at mid bathyal depths (350–650 m). This trend would be based on: 1) it was evident only at mid-slope depths between 350–750 m, coinciding with the LIW distribution, and 2) it was not recorded among zooplankton (collected throughout the water column). The possible effect of the fluctuations of suprabenthos and zooplankton on higher trophic levels has been explored studying the diet and food consumption rates of the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, as indicator species by its dominance in bathyal communities. A. antennatus increased its food consumption from February to April–June 2004 off Sóller, which in the case of large (CL > 40 mm) specimens was found in both areas. In addition, there was a shift of diet from winter to spring–early summer. In this last period, A. antennatus preyed upon euphausiids and mesopelagic decapods and fish, while benthos (e.g. polychaetes and bivalves) decreased in the diet. This indicates an increase in the food consumption and probably in the caloric content of the diet in pre-spawning females in April–June 2004, which is synchronized with the period when gonad development begins in A. antennatus females (May–June). Anyway, macrozooplankton, and not suprabenthos, is crucial as a high energetic food source in the coupling between food intake and reproduction in the red shrimp.     

Spatial distribution patterns of demersal and epibenthic communities on the Galician continental shelf (NW Spain)

Spatial distribution patterns of epibenthic communities on the Galician continental shelf were studied using multivariate methods. Data came from 5 surveys carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Beam trawls and otter trawls were used to study epibenthic communities along 8 transects perpendicular to the coastline. The role of depth, season, latitude and sediment characteristics was examined. Seven habitats were described according to bathymetry and sediment characteristics. There were weak linear relationships between environmental variables and species richness, biomass and species diversity. However, the canonical analysis showed that depth and sediment characteristics greatly influence smaller epibenthic communities sampled by beam trawl. Six assemblages were obtained for beam trawls: inner shelf mud, very fine sands, and fine sands, middle shelf sands, and outer shelf very fine sands, and fine sands. Five assemblages were identified for larger-sized and swimming epibenthos sampled with otter trawls. These assemblages were also determined according to depth and sediment type but sediment characteristics were less important. Otter trawl assemblages were the same as the beam trawl ones, except for on the outer shelf where no differences between sediment type were detected. For both gears, inner and outer shelf assemblages displayed a higher biotic variability than the middle shelf, as a consequence of a higher environmental heterogeneity. Typifying species were mainly eurytopic in the middle shelf, whereas eurytopic and stenotopic species characterised the inner and outer shelves.     

Succession of the ecosystems of the Aral Sea during its transition from oligohaline to polyhaline water body

During 22 field trips from 1990 to 2002 (mainly the western basin of the Large Aral) data on salinity, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish fauna have been collected. In 2002, the salinity of the western basin reached 75 ppt, while that in the eastern basin, 150 ppt. In 1999–2002, 159 species of planktonic algae have been recorded. This is approximately twice as low as recorded before. The diversity of Cyanophyta, Pyrrhophyta and Chlorophyta in particular has dropped in the past few years. As before, currently Bacillariophyta is the most diverse plankton. However, the composition of dominants has changed. Once previously dominant species, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii, vanished from the plankton of the Aral Sea and was replaced by such diatoms as Amphora coffeaformis, A. coffeaformis var. acutiuscula and Synedra tabulata var. parva.Since 1970s, a gradual decrease in the diversity of zooplankton has been taking place. Since 1997, the formerly dominant Calanipeda aquaedulcis vanished, which apparently was the reason for the emergence of Moina salina and Artemia parthenogenetica. Since 2000, artemia has been dominant in the plankton of the Aral Sea, constituting 99% of the zooplankton biomass.In the 1970–1980s, a rapid decrease in the biodiversity of the zoobenthos was observed. In the 1990s, most aboriginal and introduced species became extinct. Currently, the bivalve mollusk Syndosmya segmentum, the ostracod Cyprideis torosa and larvae of the dipteran Chironomus salinarius can still be recorded in the western basin. In the eastern basin no benthos is observed.By 1998, in the Large Aral, only five fish species survived: baltic herring Clupea harengus membras, flounder Platichthys flesus luscus, atherine Atherina boyeri caspia and bullheads Neogobius fluviatilis and Potamoschistus caucasicus. Since 2002, only flounder and atherina have been recorded in the western basin of the Large Aral. No fish have been recorded in the eastern part of the Aral Sea in 2002.With increasing salinity and transition of the Aral Sea from an oligohaline to a polyhaline water body, its biota is becoming drastically poorer. Almost all local species became extinct in the Aral; however, some still survive (including some endemics) in some lakes around the Aral Sea. In the near future, artemia will be the only animal in the Aral Sea.     

城市老居住小区交通综合治理实践——以杭州市为例

老居住小区由于存在建设标准低、停车配建缺乏、社区管理薄弱等问题,近年来引发的停车供需矛盾激化、消防救护通道受阻、动静态交通秩序混乱、公共绿地损毁严重等系列矛盾日益突出,已严重影响居民生活环境,甚至威胁到生命财产安全,成为中国各大城市社会管理的一大难题。通过对老居住小区存在问题的成因及困境分析,提出以增加停车位为抓手的交通综合治理措施,实现现有资源的系统挖掘与整合,并形成有效的治理推进机制和建立可持续运行的长效管理机制,力求在技术措施、工作机制和政策保障上实现创新突破。同时,基于杭州市开展的老居住小区交通综合治理的实践经验,以及已实施并取得较好治理效果的案例,交通综合改善措施被证明切实可行。     

高度重叠社区的社区合并优化算法

当原图转换成边图后,在边图上进行社区发现可以天然地得到重叠社区,然而得到的社区往往相互大面积重叠,甚至相互包含,导致社区模块性质量较低.针对这一问题,在得到边图下重叠社区发现算法结果的基础上,我们将进一步以优化重叠社区模块化质量函数为标准进行社区合并,以获得高质量的重叠社区.本文首先提出一种描述社区间重叠程度的重叠系数,并基于此进一步提出一种构建带权社区图的启发式方法,能够快速有效地完成社区合并的过程.在人工生成网络与真实世界网络上的实验,进一步验证了该算法能够在不削弱边图方法速度优势的前提下,提高高度重叠社区的模块性.     

信息栅格环境下美军数据策略研究综述

《网络中心的数据策略》为美军基于全球信息栅格（GIG）的信息系统数据管理提供了顶层指南,其核心思想就是要确保信息栅格环境下的数据的可视、可获取和可用。论文首先描述了美军《网络中心的数据策略》的基本概念,接着重点阐述了美军在信息栅格环境下实现数据策略的三大关键因素,即＂关联群体＂、＂元数据＂和＂GIG企业服务＂,最后分析了美军实现GIG数据共享的处理方式——信息共享空间。