政府对城市公共交通企业的补贴研究

城市公交特有的公益性必然会使公交企业产生一定亏损：为此,国家及地方政府给予了相应补贴,但补贴方式和补贴额度历来是困扰地方政府的一大难题。为解决这一难题,本文在现有研究的基础上,分析了城市公交亏损的原因,提出了政府的补贴不仅要考虑政策性亏损,还应考虑企业的合理利润、企业绩效、企业的专项补贴、已发放或隐形补贴等因素。并给出了各要素的具体核算方法。本文的研究对政府实施具体的补贴有一定的借鉴作用．     

Public service obligations for air transport in the United States and Europe: Connectivity effects and value for money

Public service obligations (PSOs) are used by governments in many countries, including the United States and 11 countries in Europe, to mandate a minimum level of commercial air transportation service, especially for small or rural communities. This paper analyzes PSOs in these 12 countries for the year 2010 using the recently proposed Global Connectivity Index to measure direct and indirect market access and a novel subsidy database covering 90% of PSO movements in these countries to assess value-for-money.We show that PSO services represent about 2.5% of all commercial movements in the 12 countries analyzed, generating about 1% of these countries’ total air transport connectivity. Over all routes for which data was available, approximately USD$ 900 million was earmarked for PSO and air service discount provision in 2010, with average subsidies per movement ranging from about $700 to $3500. PSO market access and efficiency outcomes vary across the countries analyzed. Some countries, such as Germany and the United States, focus on providing network access for smaller communities, thereby creating not only point-to-point, but also onward connectivity, while others such as Norway, Sweden, and Ireland, predominantly aim at providing “lifeline services” that connect remote regions to a nearby economic center without providing onward connections.     

我国城市综合交通枢纽运营单位政府补贴机制研究

作为大型的城市交通基础设施,综合交通枢纽项目的建设和运营成本巨大,如何构建综合交通枢纽运营单位盈利模式成为目前亟待解决的一个关键问题。通过外部性理论对综合交通枢纽项目的性质进行分析,提出政府应该对运营单位进行补贴,并提出了三种补贴方式。构建了政府补贴机制,以实现城市综合交通枢纽运营单位外部利益的返还。     

基于改进的联邦UKF无人艇组合导航系统设计

针对无人艇在高海况下长航时,大幅度作业滤波精度较低的问题,提出一种基于联邦结构的无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filtering,UKF）算法,将其应用于自主研制的无人艇组合导航系统中。建立系统误差方程和量测方程;引入渐消因子、基于量测值与预测量测值差值的可变因子和自适应最优信息分配因子对联邦UKF算法进行改进,保持信息的强跟踪特性和组合导航系统的信息融合精度,得到全局最优估计值。 开展湖试试验,验证该组合导航系统的有效性,结果表明该系统实时性、稳定性好,抗干扰能力强,能有效提高导航精度。该方法不仅能为无人艇作业提供安全保障,而且可供其他组合导航系统设计参考。     

城市公共交通补贴机制探讨

公共交通的公益性在某种程度上决定了城市公共交通企业亏损的必然性,对公交的财政补贴已成为政府的沉重负担。在现行的公交补贴机制下,巨额的补贴并未发挥其应有的作用。介绍了我国现行的几种补贴方式,重点对其优缺点进行详细的分析和比较,并对如何建立合理的公共交通补贴机制进行探讨。     

城市公共交通财务与用地相关政策探讨——以福州为例

公共交通系统自身的发展、出现的问题受到很多外部环境因素的制约,这些因素甚至是关键性和决定性的,尤其是用地和财务方面。本文结合福州公共交通发展实际,从场站用地、管理体制、财务补贴、票价等方面的问题入手,提出系统性的用地和财务调整方案,包括适度市场化的票制票价、企业和员工激励、财务和用地政策保障、场站综合开发及相关制度设计等。     

典型城市轨道交通固定资产更新改造补贴模式分析

在我国城市轨道交通快速发展的现阶段,如何建立一套合理有效的轨道交通固定资产更新改造补贴模式,并配套相应有效的管理机制,在保证城市轨道交通高效可持续发展的同时,激励运营企业提高政府财政资金利用效率,是当前大城市轨道交通事业发展过程中亟待解决的问题. 本文分析了城市轨道交通固定资产更新改造成本加成合约、固定价格合约、激励性合约及特殊经营权竞拍等补贴模式的特征及适用性,并提出了补贴资金额的计算方法,在此基础上,结合案例分析了国内外典型大城市轨道交通固定资产更新改造的流程及补贴模式的应用情况,以期为今后我国大城市轨道交通更新改造管理模式的改进与完善提供参考.     

基于客运量的公共交通补贴研究

在分析公共交通补贴原理的基础上,构建了公共交通补贴模型. 以北京市公共交通补贴为背景,研究了公共交通结构系数、分担率以及运营成本对公共交通财政补贴的影响．结果表明,合理分配各种公共交通方式的客流量,一方面使得政府公共交通补贴的额度在财政收入当中的比重不至于过大,确保了政府的公共交通低票价政策的可持续性;另一方面也满足了公共交通承担客流比例的要求．在公共交通运营成本不变和公交补贴占财政收入比例小于4％的情况下,北京市财政收入需保持年增长10.9％以上,才能满足2015年公交分担率达到45％时低票价政策的补贴需要.     

The impact of transportation demand management policies on commuting to college facilities: A case study at the University of Trieste,Italy

Universities, like other types of public and private institutions, when located in a city, have both positive and negative impacts on the area where they are situated. On the one hand, they contribute to the prestige of the area; on the other hand, they are large generators/attractors of traffic. The ability to successfully balance the pros and cons of the urban location of these large traffic-generating institutions is crucial for their success and for the livability of the city. In this paper this issue has been analyzed selecting as a representative case the University of Trieste.The aim of the research is to understand: (a) how mode choice decisions are made by the teaching and administrative staff and by the students at the various locations where academic activities take place, and (b) how they would be affected by 8 different transport management policies. It is found that changing the parking regulations (via the annual permit cost, the hourly parking fee, the number of parking spaces and the location of the parking lots) greatly influences mode choice in favor of bus use, especially for teaching and administrative staff and in the suburban locations. The students would be impacted by such changes only if an hourly parking tariff is introduced. The alternative approach of fully subsidizing the bus services would also have a large impact on bus ridership, affecting the mode choice in particular of the teaching staff and in the main university suburban sites.Since the implementation of these bus-favoring policies could face the opposition either of the university staff or of the bus company, two more balanced policy mixes were tested: the first one, increasing parking price and imposing new parking restrictions, would increase bus ridership by 19%; the second one, reducing both bus and parking subsidies, would increase bus ridership by 13%.