The U.S. national marine sanctuary program: An analysis of the program's implementation and current issues

Abstract

The U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program was established in 1972 by Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. §1431 et seq.). In this article, we discuss the development of the sanctuary concept, and the original intent of Congress, and analyze how it was applied by the sanctuary program. Differences in interpretation of the program's purpose are examined, including discussion of the multiple‐use management concept, an important but controversial management technique used in the sanctuaries. The continuing efforts by Congress and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to clarify the program's purpose are investigated. The program's administrative history is explained and the current sanctuaries and active candidates are briefly described. In light of the 1988 reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary Act, the current issues facing the program are analyzed. Finally, we draw conclusions and make recommendations for the program's future.     

纽约地铁财务困境及对中国轨道交通可持续发展的启示

基于纽约地铁现状及发展情况,总结其面临的主要问题,厘清纽约地铁资金筹措、设施设备更新及运输服务质量间的内在关系,明确巨额资金筹措为纽约地铁陷入困境的关键原因.针对纽约地铁财务困境,基于政府补贴及运营经济性两大维度,从发展初期定位错误、两级政府权责划分不明、日常运营收益滞涨、溢价回收不足等4个方面对其面临的困境原因进行解析.提出中国轨道交通在发展过程中应吸取纽约地铁的教训,着力实现"政府补贴+多元开发"双轮驱动正外部性内部化,明确划分参与各方责任,探索构建基于"税收+开发"的多元溢价回收模式,以实现高质量和可持续发展.     

Regional fishery management councils and the display of scientific authority

Abstract

Natural resource management entities such as the Regional Fishery Management Councils established by the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 depend heavily on science to inform policymakers and to legitimate the policy process. This paper discusses the importance of fishery science to the council system, contrasts the functions of Scientific and Statistical Committees (SSCs) serving the Pacific Fishery Management Council and the New England Fishery Management Council, and remarks on the implications of differences in the display of scientific authority by these SSCs.     

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在分析公共交通补贴原理的基础上,构建了公共交通补贴模型. 以北京市公共交通补贴为背景,研究了公共交通结构系数、分担率以及运营成本对公共交通财政补贴的影响．结果表明,合理分配各种公共交通方式的客流量,一方面使得政府公共交通补贴的额度在财政收入当中的比重不至于过大,确保了政府的公共交通低票价政策的可持续性;另一方面也满足了公共交通承担客流比例的要求．在公共交通运营成本不变和公交补贴占财政收入比例小于4％的情况下,北京市财政收入需保持年增长10.9％以上,才能满足2015年公交分担率达到45％时低票价政策的补贴需要.     

基于货物价值特性的国际集装箱班列竞争力分析

跨国集装箱班列与传统海陆联运和国际航空运输存在竞争关系.在分析竞争力与货物价值特性相互关系的基础上,基于显示性比较优势理论构建跨国集装箱班列的相对竞争力模型,研究不同货物价值特性下跨国集装箱班列适运货物品类,分析政府补贴、铁路运输费率、班列运输时间等 3方面因素对跨国集装箱班列竞争力的影响.研究结果表明：跨国集装箱班列适合运输的货物品类主要为时间中度敏感类货物;跨国集装箱班列的竞争力随着货物价值的增加而增加,且随着货物价值的增加,货物本身对运费的承受能力上升,对运输服务水平的要求提高;跨国集装箱班列的相对竞争力随着班列补贴的增大而增大,在市场培育期,政府应给予补贴为其开拓市场提供政策支持.     

Financing urban transport projects in Europe

Transport demand in western Europe has risen steadily in recent years and the forecasts are that the unrestrained demand will continue to rise in the foreseeable future. This growth has put considerable pressure on the resources available to finance infrastructure investments and to fund what are seen as socially important social services. The recent developments in eastern Europe and the anticipated growth of the post-Communist states will put further strains on the fiscal ability of authorities in these countries to fund transport investments and operations. The outcome has been revisions in the way transport projects are funded. This paper, taking a very broad view of what constitutes a transport project, examines the specific nature of urban transport financing in Europe.     

Application of path analysis methodology to transit system maintenance performance

This paper develops a conceptual framework for bus maintenance based on path analysis and applies it to forty-eight bus transit systems. The application determines the total, direct, and indirect effects of the variables identified as having significant causal links with maintenance cost per mile. These variables are identified using the stepwise regression method. The findings are that the wage rate and fleet size increase maintenance cost directly and indirectly. In terms of the standardized regression coefficients, fleet size has been found to be the most important factor affecting maintenance cost per mile, followed by the proportion of articulated buses, the wage rate and local subsidy in that order. The proportion of articulated buses has been found to reduce maintenance cost per mile directly and to increase it indirectly. The indirect path coefficient of the proportion of articulated buses is 0.1794 whereas the direct path coefficient is –0.351. Similarly local subsidy as a proportion of revenue increases maintenance cost per mile directly and reduces it indirectly. The corresponding path coefficients for the direct and indirect effects of local subsidy are 0.2553 and –0.1073. In addition population density and the peak-base ratio are positively and significantly associated with miles between roadcalls. The implications of these findings are briefly examined in this paper. Because the path analysis methodology allows the direct and indirect effects of a causal variable to be determined, it is recommended for policy analysis.