Transport network criticality metrics: a comparative analysis and a guideline for selection

ABSTRACT

Transport network criticality analysis aims at ranking transport infrastructure elements based on their contribution to the performance of the overall infrastructure network. Despite the wide variety of transport network criticality metrics, little guidance is available on selecting metrics that are fit for the specific purpose of a study. To address this gap, this study reviews, evaluates and compares seventeen criticality metrics. First, we conceptually evaluate these metrics in terms of the functionality of the transport system that the metrics try to represent (either maintaining connectivity, reducing travel cost, or improving accessibility), the underlying ethical principles (either utilitarianism or egalitarianism), and the spatial aggregation considered by the metrics (either network-wide or localised). Next, we empirically compare the metrics by calculating them for eight transport networks. We define the empirical similarity between two metrics as the degree to which they yield similar rankings of infrastructure elements. Pairs of metrics that have high empirical similarity highlight the same set of transport infrastructure elements as critical. We find that empirical similarity is partly dependent on the network’s topology. We also observe that metrics that are conceptually similar do not necessarily have high empirical similarity. Based on the insights from the conceptual and empirical comparison, we propose a five-step guideline for transport authorities and analysts to identify the set of criticality metrics to use which best aligns with the nature of their policy questions.     

Optimal development of alternative fuel station networks considering node capacity restrictions

A potential solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector is the use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV). As global GHG emission standards have been in place for passenger cars for several years, infrastructure modelling for new AFV is an established topic. However, as the regulatory focus shifts towards heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), the market diffusion of AFV-HDV will increase as will planning the relevant AFV infrastructure for HDV. Existing modelling approaches need to be adapted, because the energy demand per individual refill increases significantly for HDV and there are regulatory as well as technical limitations for alternative fuel station (AFS) capacities at the same time. While the current research takes capacity restrictions for single stations into account, capacity limits for locations (i.e. nodes) – the places where refuelling stations are built such as highway entries, exits or intersections – are not yet considered. We extend existing models in this respect and introduce an optimal development for AFS considering (station) location capacity restrictions. The proposed method is applied to a case study of a potential fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle AFS network. We find that the location capacity limit has a major impact on the number of stations required, station utilization and station portfolio variety.     

Reconfigurable Communication Processor： A New Approach for Network Processor

As the traditional RISC ASIC/ASSP approach for network processor design can not meet the today‘s requirements, this paper described an alternate approach, Reconfigurable Processing Architecture, to boost the performance to ASIC level while reserve the programmability of the traditional RISC based system. This paper covers both the hardware architecture and the software development environment architecture.     

WGS-84至工程坐标系的转换参数获取

随着直接由GPS相对定位获取高精度的工程坐标成为可能 ,由GPS测定WGS 84坐标系的坐标 (或坐标增量 )至用户定义的工程坐标系坐标 (或坐标增量 )所需的转换参数的获取方法以及精度日益为人们所重视 .提出了研究这一问题的必要性 .在给出不同条件下坐标转换参数的获取技术的基础上 ,对转换参数的精度的影响因素进行了分析 ,对转换网的要求提出了定性的观点     

Effect of interference on transmission for newly deployed wireless sensor networks

The co-channel interference （collisions） seriously affect the transmission for the newly deployed wireless sensor networks since there is no structure at that phase. In this paper, the interference of the whole network is analyzed based on the SNIR model. The new concept of critical transmitting range is proposed, based on which the transmission theorem is obtained and proved. The results provide the theoretical ground to set up the primary structure of newly deployed networks.     

大型干坞边坡变形及其神经网络预测模型

分析了影响干坞边坡变形的因素，包括土体强度、无护坡时间、放坡坡率、分层开挖数、分层开挖深度、开挖步长、降水深度和坡顶荷载，在此基础上并结合典型实测数据，建立了干坞边坡变形的神经网络预测模型，预测结果与实测结果一致。此外，还提出了放坡开挖边坡变形的警戒值、边坡变形判断模式及相应的控制措施。     

基于可持续发展的城市交通网络定量设计研究

基于可持续发展思想，提出可持续发展的城市交通网络宏观优化模型，对网络设计中的路段变量进行宏观控制具有一定的指导意义。     

基于神经网络的混沌时序数据失真检测方法研究

介绍了时序数据的混沌识别方法,并根据混沌时序数据的可预测性,提出了一种基于神经网络的混沌时序数据失真检测方法.通过实例证明该方法能准确地检测出混沌时序数据的失真点,并将其还原.该方法既是检测过程同时也是修复的过程,在数据处理领域有一定的应用前景.     

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网络设计问题来源于道路网络的规划，网络设计问题的算法研究对于交通规划的工程实践具有重要的实际意义。本文概述了网络设计问题，指出了网络设计问题数学模型算法研究的复杂性和重要意义。以连续网络设计问题为主要研究对象，分析了连续网络设计问题双层规划数学模型的结构特点。以现代遗传算法为基础，设计了适于解决连续网络设计问题的计算方法。以一个具体的连续网络设计问题为例，证实该算法不仅具有很好的收敛性而且算法所求得的最优解也是可靠的。本文的思想方法亦可运用于其它类型的网络设计问题。     

基于关键路段的路网可靠性的改进

为简化资源约束下路网可靠性的改进问题，只选择关键路段（即被选择的概率大于预定阀值的路段）进行改进．由于出行者在事件（例如地震、洪水、飓风等）前后的路径选择行为用弹性需求随机用户平衡刻画，路段的选择概率可以基于路段水平有效求得，因而容易确定关键路段．建立了以路网净经济效益相关的可靠性最高为目标，并有资源约束的数学模型．提出了模型的一种启发式算法．算例的结果表明了该方法的有效性．