中国四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道修建技术的发展

伴随经济的迅猛发展,对公路交通提出了更高的通行要求,新建、扩建的四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道频频出现,但却几乎没有学者对此方面的研究做出系统的归纳总结,诸多研究在类比引用时忽略工程案例更为细致的类别而存在些许不合理。基于此,通过广泛深入的调研,依据成因和特征将四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道分成3类:常规新建四车道公路隧道、原位扩建四车道公路隧道和分岔四车道及以上公路隧道;在此基础上,归纳总结分析了四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道断面形状、施工工法、施工力学和支护参数等的技术现状以及研究中存在的不足。在断面形状的研究上,实际工程采用的扁平率波动范围较大,并且大于目前理论研究得到的扁平率和国外大部分隧道采用的扁平率,更为合理的扁平率需要深入研究;在施工工法的研究上,有逐渐减少开挖分部,扩大施工空间,增强机械化施工的趋势,与之配套的自动化程度更高的施工机械急需研发;在施工力学的研究上,对围岩的荷载释放和渐进性破坏过程有了更加深入的认识,但是对深埋段围岩压力的计算方法仍没有统一的有说服力的计算理论;在支护参数的研究上,不同的工程呈现较大的差异,需对超大扁平隧道的支护参数进一步研究和优化,为完善相应的指南或规范奠定理论基础。最后对四车道及以上超大断面公路隧道的建造技术进行了展望,指出设计标准化、施工机械化、结构轻型化等是今后重点研究的内容。     

Comparative study of vehicle tyre–road friction coefficient estimation with a novel cost-effective method

This paper qualitatively and quantitatively reviews and compares three typical tyre–road friction coefficient estimation methods, which are the slip slope method, individual tyre force estimation method and extended Kalman filter method, and then presents a new cost-effective tyre–road friction coefficient estimation method. Based on the qualitative analysis and the numerical comparisons, it is found that all of the three typical methods can successfully estimate the tyre force and friction coefficient in most of the test conditions, but the estimation performance is compromised for some of the methods during different simulation scenarios. In addition, all of these three methods need global positioning system (GPS) to measure the absolute velocity of a vehicle. To overcome the above-mentioned problem, a novel cost-effective estimation method is proposed in this paper. This method requires only the inputs of wheel angular velocity, traction/brake torque and longitudinal acceleration, which are all easy to be measured using available sensors installed in passenger vehicles. By using this method, the vehicle absolute velocity and slip ratio can be estimated by an improved nonlinear observer without using GPS, and the friction force and tyre–road friction coefficient can be obtained from the estimated vehicle velocity and slip ratio. Simulations are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method.     

Real-time queue length estimation using event-based advance detector data

Real-time queue length information at signalized intersections is useful for both performance evaluation and signal optimization. Previous studies have successfully examined the use of high-resolution event-based data to estimate real-time queue lengths. Based on the identification of critical breakpoints, real-time queue lengths can be estimated by applying the commonly used shockwave model. Although breakpoints can be accurately identified using lane-by-lane detection, few studies have investigated queue length estimation using single-channel detection, which is a common detection scheme for actuated signal control. In this study, a breakpoint misidentification checking process and two input-output models (upstream-based and local-based) are proposed to address the overestimation and short queue length estimation problems of breakpoint-based models. These procedures are integrated with a typical breakpoint-based model framework and queue-over-detector identification process. The proposed framework was evaluated using field-collected event-based data along Speedway Boulevard in Tucson, Arizona. Significant improvements in maximum queue length estimates were achieved using the proposed method compared to the breakpoint-based model, with mean absolute errors of 35.7 and 105.6 ft., respectively.     

基于数据融合的船舶电网参数测量研究

采用单传感器的传统船舶电气参数测量方法存在很多缺陷，会受到传感器的测量噪声和电网中的电磁干扰等影响，从而影响参数测量的精度和测量结果的稳定性。为此，应用状态估计技术和多传感器数据融合理论，提出了一种新的船舶电气参数测量方法。首先建立电压和电流的状态模型，将其连续的动态方程离散化，用于数字信号处理器（DSP）中。然后采用卡尔曼滤波和无反馈分布式融合来对离散化后的采样数据进行融合，从而得到全局数据融合的最优估计。最后，经过一个周期的采集数据估计值进行有效值计算，在液晶屏中显示出来。与单个传感器的检测方法相比，该检测方法具有更高的精度和更好的稳定性。仿真结果和实验测试结果都证明了本检测方法的有效性和优越性。     

四通旋塞与四通球阀在纵倾平衡控制系统应用中比较

根据四通旋塞在纵倾平衡控制系统使用过程中出现的不足,提出了另一种与四通旋塞有相同功能的阀门,四通球阀.在比较分析四通球阀与四通旋塞一些主要性能的基础上,提出了四通球阀在纵倾平衡控制系统使用的可能.     

生物接触氧化工艺中生物膜冲洗的研究

为确保生物接触氧化工艺稳定、良好的工作状态，减小对后续常规工艺处理效果的影响，根据生物膜活性的特性变化，对工艺工作周期、冲洗指标、冲洗方法和控制参数进行探讨。结果表明：生物膜冲洗可由出水NH3-N浓度、NH3-N去除率及运行时间来确定，冲洗方法应以局部冲洗为宜，即间隔3～5天，历时10—15min、强度0．6～0．7m^3·（min·m^2）^-1，对每格池的四分之一区域进行冲洗。     

纳米比亚机车米轨径向转向架简介

主要介绍出口纳米比亚机车径向米轨转向架的结构特点、技术参数和主要性能。利用计算机仿真技术对其结构进行了优化,并对其动力学性能进行预测。     

Accident investigations for active safety at CHALMERS - new demands require new methodologies

In order to develop efficient active safety systems, knowledge about what causes traffic accidents is required. One way to gather such knowledge is through traffic accident investigations. For the needs of active safety, most current accident investigation methodologies do not provide a sufficiently detailed or theoretically anchored analysis. Therefore, new studies need to be carried out using new theoretical frameworks and analysis methods. At CHALMERS, a new methodology called driving reliability and error analysis method has been developed and tried out during recent years. The methodology, as described and exemplified, shows good promise of meeting the needs of active safety accident investigation projects. Results from studies using the methodology also imply consequences for how benefit estimation of new active safety systems should be carried out.     

Using GPS with a model-based estimator to estimate critical vehicle states

This paper demonstrates a method to estimate the vehicle states sideslip, yaw rate, and heading using GPS and yaw rate gyroscope measurements in a model-based estimator. The model-based estimator using GPS measurements provides accurate and observable estimates of sideslip, yaw rate, and heading even if the vehicle model is in neutral steer or if the gyro fails. This method also reduces estimation errors introduced by gyroscope errors such as the gyro bias and gyro scale factor. The GPS and Inertial Navigation System measurements are combined using a Kalman filter to generate estimates of the vehicle states. The residuals of the Kalman filter provide insight to determine if the estimator model is correct and therefore providing accurate state estimates. Additionally, a method to predict the estimation error due to errors in the estimator model is presented. The algorithms are tested in simulation with a correct and incorrect model as well as with sensor errors. Finally, the estimation scheme is tested with experimental data using a 2000 Chevrolet Blazer to further validate the algorithms.     

Development of a model for an air brake system with leaks and a scheme for the estimation of the steady-state pushrod stroke

Brake systems in trucks are crucial for ensuring the safety of vehicles and passengers on the roadways. Most trucks in the USA are equipped with S-cam drum brake systems and they are sensitive to maintenance. Brake deficiencies such as leaks and out-of-adjustment of the pushrod are a major cause of accidents involving trucks. Leaks in the air brake systems drastically affect braking performance by decreasing the maximum attainable braking pressure and also increasing the time required to attain the same, thereby resulting in longer stopping distances. Out-of-adjustment of the pushrod leads to loss of braking torque even if no leaks are present in the air brake system. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for an air brake system in the presence of leaks, with a view towards developing a diagnostic system for the air brake system based on the models. Additionally, we present a scheme that estimates the severity of leak in terms of the mass flow rate of air leaking from the air brake system to the atmosphere. This scheme can be implemented using a simple look-up table. We also present a steady-state pushrod stroke estimation scheme, based on brake chamber pressure measurements in the absence of any leaks in the air brake system.