The Alternative Motor Fuels Act, alternative-fuel vehicles, and greenhouse gas emissions

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard is the major policy tool to improve the fleet average miles per gallon of automobile manufacturers in the US. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) provides special treatment in calculating the fuel economy of alternative-fuel vehicles to give manufacturers CAFE incentives to produce more alternative-fuel vehicles. AMFA has as its goals an increase in the production of alternative-fuel vehicles and a decrease in gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines theoretically the effects of the program set up under AMFA. It finds that, under some conditions, this program may actually increase the production of fuel-inefficient gasoline vehicles, gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.     

An operational activity-based method to estimate CO2 emissions from container shipping considering empty container repositioning

This paper develops an operational activity-based method to estimate CO₂ emissions from container shipping in contrasts to the traditional aggregated activity-based method. Two case studies investigate the impacts of empty container repositioning policies and port handling capacity on CO₂ emission index. The results show that the aggregated method could well overestimate CO₂ emissions and the operational activity-based method is more appropriate. The paper also demonstrates that high port-handling capacity and efficient empty container repositioning could reduce CO₂ emissions in seaborne container transportation.     

Asymmetry in transport fuel demand: Evidence from household level data

Models for gasoline demand for transportation activities generally assume that demand is perfectly reversible with respect to gasoline price (and income). The small literature which relaxes the reversibility assumption in gasoline demand argues technological fixation leads to this asymmetry and utilizes aggregate time-series model to find evidence in favour of asymmetry. In this research it is suggested that there could also be behavioural factors behind this asymmetric response, possibly due to the loss aversion nature of human beings as described in the prospect theory. For the first time, household level data was used to understand asymmetry in gasoline demand in response to changes in gasoline price and income. There was statistical evidence that gasoline price and income both can induce asymmetric changes in gasoline demand among households. Specifically, elasticity with respect to rising prices and falling income is larger than the elasticity with respect to falling prices and rising income respectively, which is consistent with loss aversion in gasoline purchase behaviour. There was also some evidence of heterogeneity in the asymmetric responses between urban and rural households. The results have implications for transport-related energy tax policies or subsidies, while the method can be applied directly for non-energy goods as well.     

增大泥泵最大球形通道的方案

增大泥泵最大球形通道可以提升疏浚工程连续性,减少堵泵的风险,提高疏浚施工效率。泥泵最大球形通道和泥泵效率是泥泵设计中的矛盾点。针对上述问题通过调研提出了两种增大泥泵最大球形通道方案,采用数值模拟方法计算了3种方案的泥泵内部流场。通过对数值模拟结果的统计分析,对比3种方案泥泵的性能。确定了增大泥泵最大球形通道叶轮设计方案,为后续泥泵改造提供基础。     

高压齿轮泵浮动侧板的动态平衡机理

针对高压齿轮泵浮动侧板磨损问题,在解析齿轮泵内部流场的基础上重点研究了浮动侧板反推力作用点变化规律和导致侧板产生倾覆力矩的关键因素。以某型号高压大排量齿轮泵为模型,运用CFD软件解析齿轮泵内部流场并根据侧板结构特点建立压紧力和反推力的求解微分方程,求得一个轮齿啮合周期内的侧板倾覆力矩变化规律,同时通过建立齿轮泵工作腔压力测试系统对该理论分析结果进行验证,额定工况下：试验值与理论值误差为4.18%,当轮齿转角φ=14°时倾覆力矩达到最大值Ms=82.16N?m。该研究为高压大排量齿轮泵浮动侧板倾覆力矩计算和侧板结构优化设计提供了理论基础和技术支撑。     

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采用意向调查与行为模型分析相结合的方法,量化研究油价影响下我国居民的出行行为特征,识别典型响应行为,筛选显著影响因素,建立居民出行方式选择模型.结果表明,油价上涨将影响大部分潜在购车者的购车意向,改变其购车计划;油价对小汽车出行者的影响更加显著,减少用车频率、避免高峰出行、改变出行方式是私家车主应对油价上涨的最常用措施;以地铁为代表的公共交通是首选的替代出行方式,经济状况、家庭结构等在很大程度上决定了出行者对小汽车的依赖程度.通过燃油税对油价进行调节,将对我国城市交通结构的优化、交通状况的改善起到关键作用;建议在实施过程中,充分考虑油价对不同居民的影响特点,提高实施效果.该研究可为我国交通需求管理策略的制定提供参考.     

柴油公交车燃用不同替代燃料的排放特性

采用OBS-2200车载排放检测系统,分析了柴油公交车实际道路工况的气态排放特性.使用的燃料分别为纯柴油、天然气制油(GTL)与生物柴油,道路工况主要包括市区主干道、次干道和快速路.分析结果表明:公交车燃用各类燃料的CO、HC、NOx和CO2的道路瞬时质量排放率均与瞬态车速变化有良好的跟随特性.公交车燃用各种替代燃料的气态污染物质量排放率随车速增加总体呈上升趋势,其中HC和CO2的质量排放率随车速增大,基本呈线性增加趋势,CO和NOx的质量排放率在中低车速区域随车速上升呈现增加趋势,而在高车速区域有所降低.与主干道、次干道相比,公交车在快速路上燃用各种燃料的气态污染物的排放因子都是最低的.与纯柴油相比,不论是质量排放率还是排放因子,生物柴油和GTL柴油的CO和HC排放都有所下降,且生物柴油的降幅更大一些.从全路况范围来看,纯生物柴油的CO和HC排放最低,纯生物柴油的NOx排放要高于柴油.全路况下,纯天然气制油、体积比为20％天然气制油、体积比为20％生物柴油的CO2排放要低于纯柴油,但纯生物柴油的CO2排放要高一些.     

舰载喷气燃料综合安全保障技术

随着海军装备技术的不断发展,大型水面舰船都装备了舰载机,这就要求舰船本身必须携带大量的喷气燃料,而喷气燃料的质量和安全性又对飞机和舰船形成了重大安全隐患。简要介绍了舰载条件下喷气燃料质量污染因素及其主要危害,分析了喷气燃料发生爆炸的主要危险因素,针对喷气燃料污染的主要途径和引起喷气燃料发生爆炸事故的主要因素,提出了相应的控制方法和今后的研究方向。     

新型双机双筒高效吸鱼泵及其控制系统设计

新型高效吸鱼泵由双真空泵、双吸鱼筒组成,利用双筒交替吸鱼、排鱼,可实现连续鱼虾起捕,其效率是单筒间歇式吸鱼泵的1.5倍以上,有效解决了传统真空吸鱼泵存在的效率低、功耗大的问题;双真空泵可互为备用,也可轮流使用,通过冗余设计提高设备的可靠性,这对远洋捕捞业尤为重要;该吸鱼泵采用真空负压抽吸和零压排放原理,有效提高活鱼成活率;主吸鱼管采用套管式结构,可在水平、垂直方向灵活伸缩;控制系统采用全程自动化控制。     

泥泵水力性能动态特征的数值模拟分析

在使用滑移网格模拟分析新设计的HDP-263-50-130-4型泥泵时,发现叶轮处于不同位置时,同一转速和流量下,泥泵的扬程、扭矩、效率均呈周期性的波动,该波动近似于正弦函数,各量波动幅度较大,波动周期等于叶轮转过两相邻叶片的夹角所需的时间 对于该型号泵,扬程的波动要领先力矩约0.21个波动周期,效率的波动领先力矩约0.34个波动周期;当叶轮的一个叶片转过蜗壳的第Ⅰ断面,且与此断面呈16.左右夹角时,泥泵达到最高效率,约为92％;当叶轮的一个叶片转向蜗壳的第Ⅰ断面且与其夹角约为29°时,泥泵效率最低,约为77％.经分析认为,泥泵水力性能波动的主因是运动叶轮与静止蜗壳之间的动静干扰,该干扰主要体现在叶轮相对涡舌的位置的变化引起涡舌周围流态的变化.