船舶混合动力技术发展趋势分析

通过近年发布的《国际海事组织海运温室气体减排初步战略》等相关减排措施,提出船舶混合动力技术作为优选解决方式。介绍该技术发展背景,阐述其定义、架构及国内外发展应用现状,分析油电混合动力技术、气电混合动力技术的特点,对船舶混合动力技术发展趋势及应用前景进行展望,经调查研究,船舶混合动力推进系统具有操纵性好、效率高及特定工况排放低等特性,减排优势明显。     

燃气向心透平的非定常流动特性研究

以燃气为工质的向心透平常用于微型燃气轮机系统中,有着重要的工程应用价值。本研究关注燃气向心透平的非定常流动特性,基于一台功率等级为1MW,转速为30000rpm的燃气向心透平,首先进行了热力设计,得到了其关键位置的燃气工质热力参数及透平的模型尺寸。其次基于三维粘性数值模拟计算的方法,采用SST k-ω湍流模型及六面体结构化网格在商用软件CFX中对燃气向心透平进行了定常与非定常气动计算,详细分析了其气动特性及非定常流动状况。最终,分析了这一燃气向心透平的非定常气流激振力在时域及频域分布,并准确评估了其流量、扭矩、功率及效率等关键参数。     

喷孔位置对船用天然气发动机燃烧及排放影响的模拟研究

为了探究天然气与柴油喷孔位置对天然气发动机燃烧和排放的影响,基于L23/30天然气发动机,建立了柴油引燃天然气的发动机模型,利用CONVERGE软件对燃烧过程和排放进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明：由于天然气与柴油喷孔位置变化的影响,会导致柴油引燃天然气在空间的变化,因此对发动机的燃烧和排放造成了影响,通过对比不同喷嘴间的距离和不同喷嘴分布的设计方案得出,采用中心对称设计时获得了较好的燃烧和排放性能。     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

套筒式收发球在天然气管道内检测中的应用

为解决特殊清管器和检测器以及有特殊结构收发球筒的管道难以实施内检测的问题,以某天然气管道为例,详细介绍了在多节检测器安装困难、收发球筒尺寸过短、附件安装位置不合适等限制条件下,采用套筒式收发球方式对管道进行收发球作业,安全顺利完成了管道内检测。结论认为套筒式收发球能够在不进行收发球筒改造的前提下,完成带有特殊结构收发球筒的管道内检测作业。     

The Alternative Motor Fuels Act, alternative-fuel vehicles, and greenhouse gas emissions

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard is the major policy tool to improve the fleet average miles per gallon of automobile manufacturers in the US. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) provides special treatment in calculating the fuel economy of alternative-fuel vehicles to give manufacturers CAFE incentives to produce more alternative-fuel vehicles. AMFA has as its goals an increase in the production of alternative-fuel vehicles and a decrease in gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines theoretically the effects of the program set up under AMFA. It finds that, under some conditions, this program may actually increase the production of fuel-inefficient gasoline vehicles, gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.     

负压波在管道泄漏检测与定位中的应用

文中基于负压波检测原理,对压力管道泄漏进行实时检测及定位.分别在管线上下游设置压力传感器,泄漏产生的负压波通过管道和介质自泄漏点向管线上下游传播,其压力波信号被压力传感器检测.通过分析压力传感器采集的数据,得到上下游的泄漏负压波传播速度,并结合压力传感器捕捉到的压力波波形和上下游压力传感器接收到压力波信号的时间差对泄漏点进行定位.结果表明:该方法对泄漏的判断与定位精度取决于负压波传播速度的测定精确度.     

输气管道置换优化研究

置换是输气管道投产试运过程中的重要工艺环节,是复杂的扩散、对流过程。文中介绍了输气管道投产前用氮气置换空气的几种方法,阐述了它们的工作原理与实施步骤,对比分析了它们的优缺点,优选了置换方式,并采用Fluent流体模拟软件建立了输气管道氮气置换数学模型,进行了三维稳态和非稳态数值计算,研究了置换过程中混气段长度随管径、管长、流速变化规律,将理论推导、数值计算和现场数据进行了对比,验证了理论结果的正确性,为现场施工提供了科学依据。     

管道内防腐层补口技术研究进展

管道内衬或内防腐涂层现场施焊时,焊缝两侧的防腐层会由于高温作用而破坏,使环焊缝处不能得到有效的保护,内补口技术也成为影响管道质量的主要瓶颈。文中介绍了国内外主要的内补口技术,如内补口机法、内衬保护套（管）焊接法、不锈钢接头法、机械连接法等,并指出各方法的特点。文中还就内补口技术的质量控制和研究方向等提出了建议。