Journey to work and job search characteristics of the urban poor

Gender differences in work trip and job search patterns have received several analytical attention in recent years. A consistent finding in the literature is that women work closer to home than men because of their lower income, greater household responsibilities, and heavier reliance on public transit. While these findings pervade the literature, there has been little analysis into the extent to which they hold in the exclusive case of the urban poor. Can poor women afford to choose between jobs on the basis of journey to work considerations, any more than poor men? Using a survey data from Edmonton, this study examines the gender differences in commuting and job search patterns of the urban poor. The findings suggest that, even among the low income population, women have shorter work trips and greater preference for part-time jobs than men because of their child care and household responsibilities. More women than men did not have enough time for their job search activities; and fewer women than men were prepared to accept job offers in all parts of the study area due to their household responsibilities. The results suggest that while males' employment problems are tied primarily to the working of the labour market, through inadequate skills and lack of good-paying jobs, females' employment problems are more explicable in terms of their role as mothers and homemakers.     

Exploring gendered cycling behaviours within a large-scale behavioural data-set

Analysing over 10 million journeys made by members of London's Cycle Hire Scheme, we find that female customers' usage characteristics are demonstrably different from those of male customers. Usage at weekends and within London's parks characterises women's journeys, whereas for men, a commuting function is more clearly identified. Some of these variations are explained by geo-demographic differences and by an atypical period of usage during the first three months after the scheme's launch. Controlling for each of these variables brings some convergence between men and women. However, many differences are preserved. Studying the spatio-temporal context under which journeys are made, we find that women's journeys are highly spatially structured. Even when making utilitarian cycle trips, routes that involve large, multi-lane roads are comparatively rare, and instead female cyclists preferentially select areas of the city associated with slower traffic streets and with cycle routes slightly offset from major roads.     

高职院校先进性别文化的内在理论培养与外在实践研究

文章基于职业院校本身的特点及其学生的特质分析认为,在职业院校进行先进性别文化观念的培养,有其必要性与现实可行性,并从性别文化这个独特的审美维度,帮助学生在性别自我认知基础上,充分发挥两性性别优势,在性别平等条件下达到性别和谐发展,促进学生自身完善发展。     

音乐事件θ波相关分析

通过音乐事件影响不同性别人群情绪变化,对EEG数据中的θ波进行相关计算和分析,得出音乐情绪不仅与θ波有着密切的关系,而且对左右脑半球神经皮质活动的同步性有重大影响.在安静闭眼放松时,女性的同步性高于男性.无论是听喜欢的还是不喜欢的音乐,前额、头顶和顶枕部的同步性高于侧头部.此外,也给出了脑不同部位对音乐事件相关性变化的规律,并得出头顶和顶枕部对区别男女情绪变化有重要作用.     

Older People's Mobility: Segments,Factors, Trends

Abstract

The expanding older population is increasingly diverse with regard to, for example, age, income, location, and health. Within transport research, this diversity has recently been addressed in studies that segment the older population into homogeneous groups based on combinations of various demographic, health-related, or transport-related factors. This paper reviews these studies and compares the segments of older people that different studies have identified. First, as a result of a systematic comparison, we identified four generic segments: (1) an active car-oriented segment; (2) a car-dependent segment, restricted in mobility; (3) a mobile multi-modal segment; (4) and a segment depending on public transport and other services. Second, we examined the single factors used in the reviewed segmentation studies, with focus on whether there is evidence in the literature for the factors’ effect on older people's travel behaviour. Based on this, we proposed a theoretical model on how the different determinants work together to form the four mobility patterns related to the identified segments. Finally, based on current trends and expectations, we assessed which segments are likely to increase or decrease in future generations of older people and what should be done to support the multi-optional and independent mobility of older people.     

公民意识的性别差异研究

性别差异是否导致公民意识的差异,这既取决于有关公民意识的本土化界定,也取决于研究方法的选择.本文通过对公民意识的操作化定义,并基于2005年全国综合社会调查数据库的多元统计分析获得:是性别以及个体文化程度、户口、收入、家庭地位、职业分层等其他控制因素共同建构的性别场域,而非性别本身左右了公民意识的差异.     

跨性别语篇差异的体现及其成因

文化差异是导致交际失误的主要因素。性别差异也是造成交际失误的原因之一。男女之间存在不同的语篇系统,其差异主要体现在交际风格、意义的解释框架等方面。通过了解跨性别语篇差异的主要表现,分析产生差异的根源,有利于人们更有效地进行交际。在一定程度上,对于构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的指导意义。     

Contributions by Women to Fisheries Economies: Insights from Five Maritime Countries

The contribution by women to fisheries economies globally continues to be overlooked, in part, because “fishing” is often narrowly defined as catching fish at sea, from a vessel, using specialized gears. Both men and women are involved in fisheries, but often in different roles and activities. Fisheries research, management, and policy have traditionally focused on direct, formal, and paid fishing activities—that are often dominated by men, ignoring those that are indirect, informal, and/or unpaid—where women are concentrated. This has led to a situation where men's and women's contributions to fisheries are not equally valued or even recognized and has resulted in women being largely excluded from fisheries decision-making processes. Here, we examine the contributions by women in the fisheries sector of five globally significant marine fishing countries—Mexico, Peru, Senegal, South Africa, and Vietnam. These countries each have strong links between livelihoods and marine capture fisheries, yet represent different geographic, socioeconomic, and governance contexts. Through a synthesis of existing data, case studies, and consultation with local experts, we found that the contribution by women to the fisheries of these five countries is substantial. However, this investigation also revealed major gaps in understanding of gender inequalities in the fisheries sector and the need for better gender-disaggregated data to inform fisheries policy.     

QT离散度正常值和性别差异研究

报告504例健康成人同步12导心电图QT离散度（QTdispersion，QTd）的分析结果。①各参数的测量结果（x±s）：QTd、矫正的QTd（QTcd）、QRS离散度（QRSd）、QT顶点的离散度（QTpd）、QRS起始早晚的离散度（OQTd）分别为：男性：48±13、51±14、30±11、43±16、18±6（ms）；女性：42±12、47±14、28±10、39±17、16±6（ms）。②性别差异：男性各参数离散度（QTd、QTcd、QRSd、QTPd、OQTd）及RR、QRS问期均大于女性，而QT、QTc、QTp间期却小于女性。③QT、QTd测量的可重复性受测量方法尤其是T波终点的确定方法影响。