Gender Issues within the Population-Environment Nexus in Philippine Coastal Areas

Sixty percent of the Philippine's population resides in the coastal zone. Women and men in coastal communities depend chiefly on the sea for subsistence. Over fifty percent of the dietary protein requirements of coastal communities are derived from municipal fisheries and shallow coastal habitats (reef fishes, marine plants, and mangroves). Coastal populations are young and expanding at rates that exceed regional and national averages. Expanding human pressures and man-made disturbances (over harvesting, destructive fishing, siltation, etc.) that offset natural processes are destroying habitats and creating protein food security crises and increasing malnutrition. At the same time conflicts among users of coastal resources are escalating. Access constraints, gender inequities, and cultural barriers stymie options for women and men to plan their families and create alternative livelihoods. National and local government agencies are addressing food security concerns through vertical policies and programs (e.g., fisheries management, integrated coastal management). The IPOPCORM project uses a cross-sectoral approach and quasi-experimental evaluation design to test the hypothesis that food security will be achieved more quickly when coastal resources management (CRM) and reproductive health (RH) management are implemented together. The purpose of this article is to review the project's experience and highlight the trends observed in program monitoring and evaluation during 2001–2004, which suggest better impact on RH, CRM, and gender indicators in the sites where the synergistic approach is being applied.     

Assessing the Impacts of Gender Integration in Ghana’s Fisheries Sector

Abstract

This article presents the results of an impact assessment of a component of a large scale USAID sustainable fisheries management project initiative aimed at integrating gender and strengthening the role of women in fisheries management in Ghana. The assessment is based on a literature review and qualitative field data collection. It assessed gender integration from three entry points: improving the Ghanaian policy environment for gender in fisheries, empowering women post-harvest processors, and engaging women gleaners in fisheries co-management. The assessment found that an important milestone was the adoption and implementation of the Ghanaian Fisheries Sector’s National Gender Mainstreaming Strategy in 2016. Summarizing the impacts on local post-harvest processors and gleaners, the assessment found that female post-harvest processors have increased capacity, confidence, and engagement in fisheries management. Gender mainstreaming efforts have succeeded in challenging cultural norms about women’s role in fisheries. Women have been exposed to sustainable fisheries management and are better equipped with the knowledge and leadership skills to advocate for good fisheries practices, which they actively demonstrate.     

Gendered immobility: influence of social roles and local context on mobility decisions in Pakistan

This paper examines the instances of one-day immobility in Pakistan and reports its socio-demographic determinants using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time Use Survey. Of 37,830 time diary respondents, nearly 30% did not report travel during the diary day. Homemakers and those out of the workforce were more likely to be immobile than employed or student respondents. Immobility rates were very high among women (55%) as compared to men (4%). Among women, those between 20 and 34 years of age, married, with children, having better education, dependent on other household members and those living in higher income households were more likely to be immobile. The excessive gender nature of immobility seems to be triggered by a gender-based sociocultural environment, which restricts female mobility due to family honor concerns. Other than this, those living in the provinces of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa or in urban areas were more likely to be immobile than those living in Punjab and Sindh provinces or in rural areas. The significant geographic effect at broader spatial scale is caused by the demographic structure as well as due to differences in the social and cultural context of these areas. Finally, questions regarding the measurement of immobility and the potential implications of increased female immobility are discussed.     

基于特征脸和LS-SVM分类器的人脸性别分类

提出使用特征脸和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)分类器相结合进行人脸性别分类.我们首先从训练图像中求得特征脸空间,然后将训练集和测试集图像投影到特征脸空间得到投影系数.使用训练样本投影系数训练LS-SVM分类器,对训练图像和测试图像进行分类试验,同时计算出分类准确率,实验结果表明LS-SVM分类要比其他分类算法有更好的优越性.在实验中我们也使用交叉验证来确定特征脸数目和核函数参数.     

大学生英语自主学习能力性别差异的调查与研究

国内外许多学者对自主性外语学习进行了大量探讨与研究,但从性别个体因素的角度研究非英语专业本科生自主性学习能力现状却不多。本文侧重调查自主性外语学习能力性别的差异。通过问卷和访谈对161名非英语专业一年级学生自主性英语学习情况进行了调查。结果表明,我国大学生男生和女生在自主性学习能力方面存在共性和差异,笔者在分析其原因的基础上提出了相应的建议。     

不同性别的原发性膜性肾病的临床及病理分析

目的了解不同性别的原发性膜性肾病的临床、病理特点及其有无区别。方法回顾分析我院482例原发性膜性肾病的临床及病理资料。结果①发病年龄:男(46.89±16.73)岁,女(48.39±15.45)岁,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②临床表现:在病程、血尿、高血压的发生率方面两组无差异(P>0.05),而浮肿的发生率男性81.43%,女性88.57%,女性高于男性(P<0.05);临床主要表现为肾病综合征,男、女性分别为82.41%(253/307)、82.29%(144/175),两组无差异(P>0.05);③实验室检查:尿蛋白定量男性(4.79±2.88)g/(1.73m2.d),女性(4.15±1.85)g/(1.73m2.d),血浆白蛋白男性(25.86±7.87)g/L,女性(27.05±6.57)g/L,血IgG水平男性(7.11±3.66)mmol/L,女性(8.05±3.33)mmol/L,分别行两组间比较均有差异(P<0.05);尿蛋白定量与血浆白蛋白、血IgG呈负相关,与胆固醇呈正相关(P<0.05),男女间结果一致;尿素氮男性(6.67±4.21)mmol/L,女性(5.43±2.96)mmol/L,肌酐男性(102.82±110.3)μmol/L,女性(83.06±89.61)μmol/L,两组均有差异(P<0.05),但经体表面积校正后两组肌酐清除率比较无差异(P>0.05);④病理方面:免疫荧光检查除无肾小球的外,均为免疫复合物性肾小球肾炎,以IgG沉积为主,男性占98.96%,女性99.40%,病理类型以Ⅰ期膜性肾病最常见,男女性分别为62.54%、61.14%,两组间无差异;⑤危险度评价,男性较女性高。结论①原发性膜性肾病好发于中老年,男性多于女性;②临床主要表现为肾病综合征;③男性的尿蛋白量大于女性,而血浆白蛋白、血IgG低于女性,胆固醇高于女性;④病理以Ⅰ期膜性肾病常见。     

Environment–person interactions enabling walking in later life

Traditionally, theory suggests the ageing individual is strongly influenced by the environment and has difficulties in overcoming distance and space. Recently, however, theory has moved to suggest that older people possess greater agency, being more capable of selecting and mastering their environments and spaces according to their needs and preferences. This paper suggests that both opposing theories are correct for differing groups. Observations and surveys of older people (n = 365) in public space examined how far person–environment agency is present in active use of outdoor space, measured by confidence to use and explore space, in three locations (urban shopping centres, suburban residential area and an area of shared space). In all three areas, dominance of the space was associated with being male and having higher levels of reported health, confidence and higher socio-economic status. Only 11% of participants walked at least as fast as the UK department for transport guidance on crossing speeds.     

Gender differences in activity participation,time-of-day and duration choices: new evidence from Calgary

To date only limited research has quantified differences between female and male activity patterns, and analyses at an individual activity level are scarce. Past research has focused on investigating gender differences in mobility levels based on observed travel patterns, especially those related to commuting. This article reports new evidence based on analyses of a household activity survey data-set collected from a Canadian city – Calgary – in 2001. Results show that contemporary females and males have a very similar activity participation pattern. On the other hand, analyses applied to activity starting times support the view that there are minor gender differences in time-of-day choices. In addition, duration and survival analyses through log-rank and Wilcoxon tests show that women and men tend to spend more or less time on some of the 10 weekend/weekday activities, and thus indicate that they share different domestic and societal responsibilities: males tend to spend longer time for out-of-home activities, such as work, school, social, and out-of-town; whereas females contribute more to domestic work, including shopping, eating, and religious activity. In general, this article contributes new evidence to gender differences in activity participation, time-of-day, and duration choices at the individual activity level. Such differences may influence travelers’ time, mode, and location choices and thus have important implications for the complexity of an activity-based modeling framework. These implications are discussed along with recommendations for incorporating gender differences in an activity-based modeling framework.     

车路协同系统接受度建模及性别差异分析

为了研究公众对车路协同系统（CVIS）的接受度以及在性别上的差异,考虑心理因素,基于拓展的技术接受模型建立车路协同系统接受度模型,通过网络问卷调查方法获取车路协同系统接受度影响因素的主观评价数据,使用偏最小二乘法的结构方程模型（PLS-SEM）检验测量模型的内部一致性和可靠性、收敛效度和判别效度以及模型的假设。研究结果表明：该模型对男性接受意向方差具有70.1%的解释力,对女性接受意向方差具有45.0%的解释力,表明模型对男性接受意向的解释力更强;男性与女性之间的接受意向存在很大的差异,女性比男性更加注重车路协同系统的实用性和安全性,而男性比女性更加注重车路协同系统的便利性,也更容易受到社会因素的影响;对于男性和女性来说,行为态度（ATB）对行为意向（BIU）具有正向显著影响,感知易用性（PEU）可以通过感知有用性（PU）和行为态度间接影响行为意向,感知有用性和可靠性对信任度具有正向显著影响;由于受访者对车路协同系统的实用性感知很高,导致对隐私的关注就越少,因而感知隐私风险（PPR）对信任度的影响并不显著;总体来看,构建的模型对于描述车路协同系统接受度具有一定的合理性与有效性,并且可以针对不同性别的人提高其接受度,可对制定精细化、差异化的策略提供支持。     

英语性别语言差异发展趋势探究

性别语言差异研究是一个非常普遍的研究课题,然而片面关注性别语言差异的研究而忽视两性语言的共性及语言随着社会发展而不断发生变化的特性必然导致性别刻板印象的形成以及两性交际的失败.性别之间的许多语言差异是两性的社会地位、社会角色、社会分工以及性别文化差异等因素造成的.随着两性间社会地位的改变和日趋平等化,两性间的语言差异会越来越小并形成中性化的发展趋势.