Dynamic and disequilibrium analysis of interdependent infrastructure systems

There is a growing awareness in recent years that the interdependencies among the civil infrastructure systems have significant economic, security and engineering implications that may influence their resiliency, efficiency and effectiveness. To capture the various types of infrastructure interdependencies and incorporate them into decision-making processes in various application domains, Zhang and Peeta (2011) propose a generalized modeling framework that combines a multilayer infrastructure network (MIN) concept and a market-based economic approach using computable general equilibrium (CGE) theory and its spatial extension (SCGE) to formulate a static equilibrium infrastructure interdependencies problem. This paper extends the framework to address the dynamic and disequilibrium aspects of the infrastructure interdependencies problems. It briefly reviews the static model, and proposes an alternative formulation for it using the variational inequality (VI) technique. Based on this equivalent VI formulation, a within-period equilibrium-tending dynamic model is proposed to illustrate how these systems evolve towards an equilibrium state within a short duration after a perturbation. To address a longer time scale, a multi-period dynamic model is proposed. This model explicitly considers the evolution of infrastructure interdependencies over time and the temporal interactions among the various systems through dynamic parameters that link the different time periods. Using this model, numerical experiments are conducted for a special case with a single region to analyze the sensitivity of the model to the various parameters, and demonstrate the ability of the modeling framework to formulate and solve practical problems such as cascading failures, disaster recovery, and budget allocation in a dynamic setting.     

Older People's Mobility: Segments,Factors, Trends

Abstract

The expanding older population is increasingly diverse with regard to, for example, age, income, location, and health. Within transport research, this diversity has recently been addressed in studies that segment the older population into homogeneous groups based on combinations of various demographic, health-related, or transport-related factors. This paper reviews these studies and compares the segments of older people that different studies have identified. First, as a result of a systematic comparison, we identified four generic segments: (1) an active car-oriented segment; (2) a car-dependent segment, restricted in mobility; (3) a mobile multi-modal segment; (4) and a segment depending on public transport and other services. Second, we examined the single factors used in the reviewed segmentation studies, with focus on whether there is evidence in the literature for the factors’ effect on older people's travel behaviour. Based on this, we proposed a theoretical model on how the different determinants work together to form the four mobility patterns related to the identified segments. Finally, based on current trends and expectations, we assessed which segments are likely to increase or decrease in future generations of older people and what should be done to support the multi-optional and independent mobility of older people.     

Efficiency Loss of the Multiclass Stochastic Traffic Equilibrium Assignment with Fixed Demand

There exists efficiency loss when introducing a user equilibrium traffic assignment in comparison with the system optimization assignment. Seeking the upper bound of the efficiency loss has attracted many scholars' attentions. The existing researches mainly focus on single user class and deterministic traffic assignment, few on stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) assignment with multiple user classes. In this paper, the authors investigate the upper bound of this SUE's inefficiency. Two decision-making criteria are used in the SUE, namely, time-based and monetary-based. It is shown that the upper bound of efficiency loss caused by the time-based SUE depends on the type of link travel time function, the network complexity, the travel demand, and the degree of users' perception error to travel cost. The upper bound of efficiency loss caused by the monetary-based SUE depends on the value of time of user classes besides the aforementioned factors.     

Fixed Points and Asymptotic Properties of Neutral Stochastic Delay Differential Equations

This paper discusses a linear neutral stochastic differential equation with variable delays. By using fixed point theory, the necessary and sufficient conditions are given to ensure that the trivial solution to such an equation is pth moment asymptotically stable. These conditions do not require the boundedness of delays, nor derivation of delays. An example was also given for illustration.     

Toll pricing framework under logit‐based stochastic user equilibrium constraints

This paper addresses the toll pricing framework for the first‐best pricing with logit‐based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) constraints. The first‐best pricing is usually known as marginal‐cost toll, which can be obtained by solving a traffic assignment problem based on the marginal cost functions. The marginal‐cost toll, however, has rarely been implemented in practice, because it requires every specific link on the network to be charged. Thus, it is necessary to search for a substitute of the marginal cost pricing scheme, which can reduce the toll locations but still minimize the total travel time. The toll pricing framework is the set of all the substitute toll patterns of the marginal cost pricing. Assuming the users' route choice behavior following the logit‐based SUE principle, this paper has first derived a mathematical expression for the toll pricing framework. Then, by proposing an origin‐based variational inequality model for the logit‐based SUE problem, another toll pricing framework is built, which avoids path enumeration/storage. Finally, the numerical test shows that many alternative pricing patterns can inherently reduce the charging locations and total toll collected, while achieving the same equilibrium link flow pattern. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多用户类型弹性需求随机期望-超额用户平衡模型

为准确描述随机路网环境下出行者规避行程时间不确定风险的择路行为,推导了通勤者需求量服从对数正态分布和路段通行能力服从贝塔分布条件下计算期望-超额行程时间的计算公式,并在考虑出行者对行程时间的估计误差和路网服务水平对交通需求影响的基础上,建立了用等价变分不等式表示的多用户弹性随机期望-超额用户平衡模型.算例结果表明:随着需求水平波动程度和路段通行能力退化程度的加剧,当需求方差-均值比从0.5增至2.0、贝塔分布参数(l和m)从90和10变为10和10时,通勤者和非通勤者期望最小理解期望-超额行程时间分别增加了48.5%和99.2%.     

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我国多数道路是典型的混合交通,交通组成复杂,相互间干扰现象严重. 含有小汽车、货车和其他车型的混合交通备受研究者的关注. 本文构建一个考虑道路收费的多用户网络均衡模型,在模型中,各类用户拥有各自的时间延误函数和道路收费,且相互影响不同. 折算系数（PCE）为可变的,构建的道路延误函数是非线性,非连续和非对称的. 混合交通网络均衡模型采用变分不等式构模,用相继平均（MSA）方法进行求解. 最后,在交通规划软件EMME/3中实现该算法并应用到实际公路交通网络,并对线性折算系数和非线性折算系数下的交通网络分配结果进行了对比. 研究表明,非线性折算系数更加符合实际区域网络交通流分布.     

供需不确定条件下的预算-超额用户平衡模型

为更加全面、准确反映随机路网中出行者规避风险的择路行为,以预算-超额行程时间作为出行者选择路径的依据,提出了一种供应及需求不确定条件下同时考虑可靠性和不可靠性的交通分配模型——预算-超额用户平衡模型,推导了需求服从Gamma分布、路段通行能力服从均匀分布条件下预算-超额行程时间的解析表达式,并以此为基础建立起用等价变分不等式表示的平衡模型。利用一个小型测试网络比较了用户平衡模型、基于可靠性的用户平衡模型以及预算-超额用户平衡模型的性能。研究结果表明：提出的模型是有效、可行的;其平衡流量模式不同于用户平衡模型和基于可靠性的用户平衡模型;随着需求水平、可靠度以及路段通行能力退化程度的增加,预算-超额行程时间随之增加。     

公民意识的性别差异研究

性别差异是否导致公民意识的差异,这既取决于有关公民意识的本土化界定,也取决于研究方法的选择.本文通过对公民意识的操作化定义,并基于2005年全国综合社会调查数据库的多元统计分析获得:是性别以及个体文化程度、户口、收入、家庭地位、职业分层等其他控制因素共同建构的性别场域,而非性别本身左右了公民意识的差异.