ATIS 作用下弹性需求混合交通均衡的效率损失

在ATIS 用户和利己用户组成的交通网络中，利己用户遵循用户均衡原则选择出行路径，其目的是最小化自身出行成本；先进出行者信息系统(ATIS)用户遵循系统最优原则选择出行路径，其目的是最小化系统总出行成本. 本文基于ATIS 用户和利己用户路径选择原则的异质性，对弹性需求下该类混合交通均衡分配的效率损失进行探讨. 构建弹性需求下该类混合交通均衡分配的变分不等式模型，界定其效率损失上界. 结果表明，效率损失上界与用户均衡时社会总收益与社会总剩余之比相关，还与用户均衡时路段上ATIS 用户的流量与总流量之比有关.     

A semi-analytical approach for solving the bottleneck model with general user heterogeneity

This paper proposes a novel semi-analytical approach for solving the dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) of a bottleneck model with general heterogeneous users. The proposed approach makes use of the analytical solutions from the bottleneck analysis to create an equivalent assignment problem that admits closed-form commute cost functions. The equivalent problem is a static and asymmetric traffic assignment problem, which can be formulated as a variational inequality problem (VIP). This approach provides a new tool to analyze the properties of the bottleneck model with general heterogeneity, and to design efficient solution methods. In particular, the existence and uniqueness of the DUE solution can be established using the P-property of the Jacobian matrix. Our numerical experiments show that a simple decomposition algorithm is able to quickly solve the equivalent VIP to high precision. The proposed VIP formation is also extended to address simultaneous departure time and route choice in a single O–D origin-destination network with multiple parallel routes.     

Optimal recharging strategies for electric vehicle fleets with duration constraints

Electrical vehicles (EVs) have become a popular green transportation means recently because they have lower energy consumption costs and produce less pollution. The success of EVs relies on technologies to extend their driving range, which can be achieved by the good deployment of EV recharging stations. This paper considers a special EV network composed of fixed routes for an EV fleet, where each EV moves along its own cyclic tour of depots. By setting up a recharging station on a depot, an EV can recharge its battery for no longer than a pre-specified duration constraint. We seek an optimal deployment of recharging stations and an optimal recharging schedule for each EV such that all EVs can continue their tours in the planning horizon with minimum total costs. To solve this difficult location problem, we first propose a mixed integer program (MIP) formulation and then derive four new valid inequalities to shorten the solution time. Eight MIP models, which were created by adding different combinations of the four valid inequalities to the basic model, have been implemented to test their individual effectiveness and synergy over twelve randomly generated EV networks. Valuable managerial insights into the usage of valid inequalities and the relations between the battery capacity and the total costs, number of recharging facilities to be installed, and running time are analyzed.     

QT离散度正常值和性别差异研究

报告504例健康成人同步12导心电图QT离散度（QTdispersion，QTd）的分析结果。①各参数的测量结果（x±s）：QTd、矫正的QTd（QTcd）、QRS离散度（QRSd）、QT顶点的离散度（QTpd）、QRS起始早晚的离散度（OQTd）分别为：男性：48±13、51±14、30±11、43±16、18±6（ms）；女性：42±12、47±14、28±10、39±17、16±6（ms）。②性别差异：男性各参数离散度（QTd、QTcd、QRSd、QTPd、OQTd）及RR、QRS问期均大于女性，而QT、QTc、QTp间期却小于女性。③QT、QTd测量的可重复性受测量方法尤其是T波终点的确定方法影响。     

Distribution-free travel time reliability assessment with probability inequalities

An assumption that pervades the current transportation system reliability assessment literature is that probability distributions of the sources of uncertainty are known explicitly. However, this distribution may be unavailable (inaccurate) in reality as we may have no (insufficient) data to calibrate the distribution. In this paper we relax this assumption and present a new method to assess travel time reliability that is distribution-free in the sense that the methodology only requires that the first N moments (where N is a user-specified positive integer) of the travel time to be known and that the travel times reside in a set of bounded and known intervals. Because of our modeling approach, all sources of uncertainty are automatically accounted for, as long as they are statistically independent. Instead of deriving exact probabilities on travel times exceeding certain thresholds via computationally intensive methods, we develop semi-analytical probability inequalities to quickly (i.e. within a fraction of a second) obtain upper bounds on the desired probability. Numerical experiments suggest that the inclusion of higher order moments can potentially significantly improve the bounds. The case study also demonstrates that the derived bounds are nontrivial for a large range of travel time values.     

Multi-class percentile user equilibrium with flow-dependent stochasticity

Travelers often reserve a buffer time for trips sensitive to arrival time in order to hedge against the uncertainties in a transportation system. To model the effects of such behavior, travelers are assumed to choose routes to minimize the percentile travel time, i.e. the travel time budget that ensures their preferred probability of on-time arrival; in doing so, they drive the system to a percentile user equilibrium (UE), which can be viewed as an extension of the classic Wardrop equilibrium. The stochasticity in the supply of transportation are incorporated by modeling the service flow rate of each road segment as a random variable. Such stochasticity is flow-dependent in the sense that the probability density functions of these random variables, from which the distribution of link travel time are constructed, are specified endogenously with flow-dependent parameters. The percentile route travel time, obtained by directly convolving the link travel time distributions in this paper, is not available in closed form in general and has to be numerically evaluated. To reveal their structural properties, percentile UE solutions are examined in special cases and verified with numerical results. For the general multi-class percentile UE traffic assignment problem, a variational inequality formulation is given and solved using a route-based algorithm. The algorithm makes use of the diagonal elements in the Jacobian of percentile route travel time, which is approximated through recursive convolution. Preliminary numerical experiments indicate that the algorithm is able to achieve highly precise equilibrium solutions.     

流线网络优化的变分不等式模型与算法

为解决具有复杂超网络特点的流线优化问题,求解以供需匹配度最大化为目标,以能力和资源限制为约束条件的流线网络优化模型,利用向量概念,对流线网络优化模型的目标函数和约束条件进行了简化和修正,将其转换为变分不等式形式,给出了基于投影算法的求解步骤,并以某市物流节点布局规划为例进行分析.案例研究表明:利用投影算法得到的区域物流网络供需匹配度为0.999 7,高于经验比较法得到的供需匹配度0.947 6,更接近实际物流需求;并验证了基于变分不等式的流线优化模型存在唯一解.     

Gender Issues within the Population-Environment Nexus in Philippine Coastal Areas

Sixty percent of the Philippine's population resides in the coastal zone. Women and men in coastal communities depend chiefly on the sea for subsistence. Over fifty percent of the dietary protein requirements of coastal communities are derived from municipal fisheries and shallow coastal habitats (reef fishes, marine plants, and mangroves). Coastal populations are young and expanding at rates that exceed regional and national averages. Expanding human pressures and man-made disturbances (over harvesting, destructive fishing, siltation, etc.) that offset natural processes are destroying habitats and creating protein food security crises and increasing malnutrition. At the same time conflicts among users of coastal resources are escalating. Access constraints, gender inequities, and cultural barriers stymie options for women and men to plan their families and create alternative livelihoods. National and local government agencies are addressing food security concerns through vertical policies and programs (e.g., fisheries management, integrated coastal management). The IPOPCORM project uses a cross-sectoral approach and quasi-experimental evaluation design to test the hypothesis that food security will be achieved more quickly when coastal resources management (CRM) and reproductive health (RH) management are implemented together. The purpose of this article is to review the project's experience and highlight the trends observed in program monitoring and evaluation during 2001–2004, which suggest better impact on RH, CRM, and gender indicators in the sites where the synergistic approach is being applied.     

Assessing the Impacts of Gender Integration in Ghana’s Fisheries Sector

Abstract

This article presents the results of an impact assessment of a component of a large scale USAID sustainable fisheries management project initiative aimed at integrating gender and strengthening the role of women in fisheries management in Ghana. The assessment is based on a literature review and qualitative field data collection. It assessed gender integration from three entry points: improving the Ghanaian policy environment for gender in fisheries, empowering women post-harvest processors, and engaging women gleaners in fisheries co-management. The assessment found that an important milestone was the adoption and implementation of the Ghanaian Fisheries Sector’s National Gender Mainstreaming Strategy in 2016. Summarizing the impacts on local post-harvest processors and gleaners, the assessment found that female post-harvest processors have increased capacity, confidence, and engagement in fisheries management. Gender mainstreaming efforts have succeeded in challenging cultural norms about women’s role in fisheries. Women have been exposed to sustainable fisheries management and are better equipped with the knowledge and leadership skills to advocate for good fisheries practices, which they actively demonstrate.     

多用户多准则固定需求随机交通均衡变分模型

运用变分不等式理论,针对非对称费用函数下准则权重与出行者类别相关的多准则路径选择问题,建立了具有固定需求量的多用户多准则随机交通均衡配流模型,分析了均衡流量的存在性和唯一性条件,由于广义路段出行成本受到路段之间流量的相互影响,可将相继平均法进行推广来求解该交通均衡的变分问题。给出了相继平均法的执行步骤和计算实例。