中、英、美规范温度梯度效应的分析比较

根据中、英、美3国公路桥梁相关规范介绍的方法,对常见跨度的预应力混凝土桥梁的温度梯度效应及其在组合应力中的贡献进行分析与比较.通过对比,认为中国2004规范规定的温度梯度效应较大,而且在抗裂方面要求较严格,建议对我国已建桥梁结构由于温度梯度效应造成的病害进行调查、分析,更合理地确定其分项系数.     

浅析船厂用电管理中的节能措施

文章阐述了船厂用电管理过程中电费的构成和能耗产生的原因,提出了在变压器经济运行、功率因数控制、线损管理和用电设备等方面的几种节能措施。     

Prohibited–permitted right-turn phasing strategy based on capacity analysis of right-turn movements

In traffic-crowded metropolitan areas, such as Shanghai and Beijing in China, right-turn vehicles that operate with a permitted phase at signalized intersections are normally permitted to filter through large numbers of pedestrians and bicycles. To alleviate such conflicts and improve safety, traffic engineers in Shanghai introduced a prohibited–permitted right-turn operation, adding a subphase to the permitted phase in which right-turns are prohibited. Unfortunately, the prohibited subphase would reduce the capacity of right-turn movements when it prohibits right turns even if there are few pedestrians and bicycles crossing the street. This paper aims at quantifying the impact of both non-vehicular flows and the prohibited subphase on the right-turn capacity, and then proposes a strategy to determine appropriate prohibited–permitted right-turn operation that minimizes the capacity reduction caused by the prohibited subphase. To achieve this goal, we improved the pedestrian and bicycle adjustment factor described in the Highway Capacity Manual by taking into account: (1) the variety in space competition between pedestrians and bicycles, and (2) the effect of two conflict zones in each phase on right-turn operation. In addition, we revised the capacity estimation model in the Highway Capacity Manual, and developed a model based on bicycle/pedestrian volume fluctuation to describe the capacity reduction due to both non-vehicular flows and the prohibited subphase. Furthermore, we proposed a timing strategy for the onset and duration of appropriate prohibited subphase. When bicycle and pedestrian volumes are low, the actuated strategy turns to the permitted phase. When these volumes are moderate, the strategy turns to the prohibited–permitted operation. With the volumes increasing, the prohibited subphase onset advances and duration increases. In these two scenarios, the new strategy has higher right-turn capacity than the current pretimed prohibited–permitted operation. Unfortunately, when bicycle and pedestrian volumes are high, the strategy yields similar right-turn capacity. However, the new prohibited subphase has less potential vehicle–bicycle and vehicle–pedestrian conflicts.     

中国货运结构优化的碳减排效应测度

管理部门和学界高度重视货运结构优化问题，因为过高的公路货运量导致货运碳排放居高不下，不利于早日实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标。除货运结构外，货运碳排放受诸多因素影响，但研究者大多仅关注部分重点因素影响，对于货运结构优化的碳减排效应缺乏准确理解。为解决上述问题，本文利用“自上而下”法测算1999—2019年中国货运碳排放量，并构建综合考虑社会经济变量(如人均GDP)与货运特征变量(如货运分担率)的偏最小二乘回归模型，通过调整不同货运方式使用费用，模拟2030年不同政策刺激情景下货运结构优化的碳减排效应。结果表明：1999— 2019年，社会经济变量对货运碳排放增长的年均贡献度为73%，显著高于货运特征变量；公路、铁路和水路货运分担率变化对货运碳排放增长的年均贡献度分别为1.81%、-0.01%和-0.26%；2030 年公路货运量全部转为铁路或水路货运量的极端情景，难以实现单位GDP货运碳排放较2005年下降65%的标准；增加高碳货运方式使用费用的碳减排效应比降低低碳货运方式使用费用更显著。     

ISO与ITTC方法在实船航速修正应用对比

介绍了ISO15016：2015和ITTC2017两种实船航速修正方法，对比了两种修正方法的测速要求和修正流程。并通过8种具有代表性的船舶试航数据，采用两种方法对试航数据进行修正，分析了不同环境因素的修正结果，可为今后船舶EEDI测速试验和航速修正提供参考。     

The effect of weld residual stress on fracture toughness at the intersection of two welding lines of offshore tubular structure

Due to the spatial complexity and fabrication characteristics of offshore platforms, it is inevitable to encounter overlaps or proximity of weld lines in tubular joints. Several international standards such as American Petroleum Institute (API), American Welding Society (AWS), and American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) regulate the minimum distance between primary weld beads; however, any logical and detailed background of this limitation has not been presented. For a non-compliant weld joint where the regulation is not met, fracture toughness calculation is a typical index to verify the structural integrity.This research consists of two parts. First, weld residual stress distributions are calculated by a 3D thermo-mechanical nonlinear Finite Element Analysis. Two crossing welds, a T-weld crossing on a butt weld, are simulated in one model. A separate tee and a butt welding simulations are also performed for a comparative purpose. Second, SIFs and J-integral values are calculated at the surface and deepest crack tip locations for four different types of semi-elliptical surface cracks. Four cracks are embedded into the weld model and the residual stress distribution from the 3D thermo-mechanical FEA are mapped to a 3D FE crack model as initial conditions. An additional axial tensile load is also imposed. SIF values are compared with those using the weighting function method for the butt weld model subject to three load cases, i.e., tensile stress only, weld residual stress only, and both of them. From the simulation, a tubular joint containing a chord girth weld intersected with weld beads of brace is found to show lower the SIF values than that having only a girth weld on chord.     

斜穿地裂缝黄土地铁隧道施工诱发的地表沉降及隧道变形规律研究

研究地裂缝影响区内存在可弱化土体的不利因素情况下,西安黄土地区地铁隧道暗挖斜穿地裂缝施工所诱发的地表及隧道相关变形规律。通过FLAC3D模拟预测施工变形规律,并与实际监测数据进行对比分析,得到以下结论:(1)FLAC3D模拟表明,隧道暗挖施工穿越地裂缝时裂缝临近处收敛值会在初期出现短暂负收敛现象;(2)地表在地裂缝影响带的差异沉降发展集中在穿越前和穿越过程中,而拱顶上下盘差异沉降主要集中在穿越过程中;(3)当地裂缝影响带内存在可弱化土体强度的不利因素时,地表最终沉降的峰值点会向不利因素处移动;(4)拱顶最终沉降的峰值点基本在隧道轴线和裂缝的相交处,其受地表的土体弱化因素影响较小。     

A discounted recursive logit model for dynamic gridlock network analysis

Emerging sensing technologies such as probe vehicles equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices on board provide us real-time vehicle trajectories. They are helpful for the understanding of the cases that are significant but difficult to observe because of the infrequency, such as gridlock networks. On the premise of this type of emerging technology, this paper propose a sequential route choice model that describes route choice behavior, both in ordinary networks, where drivers acquire spatial knowledge of networks through their experiences, and in extraordinary networks, which are situations that drivers rarely experience, and applicable to real-time traffic simulations. In extraordinary networks, drivers do not have any experience or appropriate information. In such a context, drivers have little spatial knowledge of networks and choose routes based on dynamic decision making, which is sequential and somewhat forward-looking. In order to model these decision-making dynamics, we propose a discounted recursive logit model, which is a sequential route choice model with the discount factor of expected future utility. Through illustrative examples, we show that the discount factor reflects drivers’ decision-making dynamics, and myopic decisions can confound the network congestion level. We also estimate the parameters of the proposed model using a probe taxis’ trajectory data collected on March 4, 2011 and on March 11, 2011, when the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The results show that the discount factor has a lower value in gridlock networks than in ordinary networks.