用于径流污染削减的土地处理设施内土壤重金属污染研究

通过对一处植草沟-表面流人工湿地联合径流处理设施内的水体及土壤样品进行采样分析,研究土地处理设施内土壤重金属污染风险和径流截流净化机制间的关系。研究结果表明,径流内重金属的水体-土壤迁移,是其在土地处理设施内脱除的主要途径,但这带来了不可忽视的土壤重金属富集现象。与周边自然土壤相比,径流土地处理设施内土壤主要重金属(Fe、Mn、Ph、Cu、Zn及As)的平均浓度上升了1.5~2.9倍,带来了严重的负面环境风险。其在具备深度水质净化能力的土地处理设施单元内(如人工湿地)尤为严重。同时设施内重金属水体-土壤迁移的强度显著受到水体理化环境,特别是氧化还原水平的调控,厌氧及强还原性环境会进一步提高土壤重金属二次释放及向周边环境迁移的风险。     

Vehicle dynamics testing in motion based driving simulators

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the potential of a motion-based driving simulator in the field of vehicle dynamics testing, specifically for heavy vehicles. For this purpose, a case study was prepared embodying the nature of a truck dynamics test setup. The goal was to investigate if the drivers in the simulator could identify the handling differences owed to changes in vehicle parameters, while driving the simulated trucks. Results show that the drivers could clearly identify the differences in vehicle behaviour for most of the performed tests, which motivates further investigative work in this area and exposes the feasibility of heavy vehicle dynamics testing in simulators.     

Interaction of vehicle and steering system regarding on-centre handling

For the on-centre handling behaviour of vehicles the steering system is absolutely important. To investigate the interaction of the vehicle and steering system a validated, especially tailored simulation model was developed. Some meaningful vehicle and steering system parameters are altered to show the influence on steering wheel torque, steering feel and understeer. The results underline the importance of an accurate steering system model. Identified measures to improve the centre feel and steering response were a stiffer torsion bar, a higher cornering stiffness or a lower overall steering ratio. The steering response, however, suffers when the centre feel is improved by a higher trail. The steering rack friction reduces mainly the steering response while the steering column friction decreases the centre feel whereas a stiffer torsion bar lessens the understeer tendency.     

主成分评价法在汽车操纵稳定性评价上的应用

针对传统汽车操纵稳定性客观评价方法中评价指标间存在的相关影响和评价过程繁琐等问题.文章将多元统计分析理论中的主成分分析应用于汽车操纵稳定性的客观评价中,提出采用主成分分析法进行评价.该方法以降维为核心思想,消除评价指标间的相关性;运用SPSS软件实现评价过程,简化了评价步骤;评价结果以综合得分形式给出,一目了然.新方法虽较好的解决了传统方法中存在的遗漏,但也存在一定的局限性.现阶段只能作为一种辅助手段,作为传统评价方法的补充评价方法.     

坡度对长大坡道桥上无缝道岔的影响分析

为探讨制动工况下,坡度对长大坡道桥上无缝道岔受力与变形的影响,以国内某一坡度为17.2‰新建铁路线上的桥上无缝道岔为例建立力学分析模型,运用"等效轮轨黏着系数",建立了有砟轨道"岔-桥-墩"相互作用的一体化模型,分析不同坡度下列车制动时,钢轨纵向力、钢轨位移、墩台纵向力、心轨和尖轨位移以及间隔铁纵向力的变化。分析结果表明:坡度的增大对桥上无缝道岔的受力与变形都是不利的;侧股间隔铁的纵向力比直股间隔铁小,但是其受坡度的影响却较大;长大坡道上容易产生爬行现象,应加强无缝道岔防爬锁定,并加密防爬观测次数。     

浅滩沿海公路石灰稳定土强度不足的分析

对沿海路在石灰稳定土组成设计中强度不足的问题,进行了分析并阐述了作者的意见。     

Tuning and objective performance evaluation of a driving simulator to investigate tyre behaviour in on-centre handling manoeuvres

Driving simulation aims at reproducing, within a safe and controlled environment, sensorial stimuli as close to those perceived during the actual drive as possible, in order to induce driving behaviour similar to the real one. This paper illustrates an activity carried out on the driving simulator Virtual Environment for Road Safety, bound for system performance optimisation while dealing with subjective and objective tyres evaluation in the field of on-centre manoeuvres. Such activity can be divided into two main steps. The first one, described herewith, has been focusing on platform motion algorithms tuning and has led to driving simulator objective validation within the on-centre range. Device capability of reproducing dynamics, worked out by the vehicle model, has been thoroughly examined. Simulator sensitivity to a few tyre parameters influencing vehicle lateral dynamics has been analysed too. The second step – calling for the support of experienced drivers – will pursue subjective validation.     

基于国六标准工况的重型柴油机PN排放特性研究

搭建柴油机排放测试平台,探究某重型柴油机在国六阶段瞬态循环和稳态循环试验中颗粒数目的排放特性。结果表明:无论是瞬态循环还是稳态循环,柴油机颗粒数排放都与其DPF碳载量密切相关。     

重载交通对公路路面使用寿命的影响

目前,车辆超载超限运输现象相当普遍,对公路的破坏相当严重,主要表现为大大降低了道路的服务水平、缩短了道路的使用寿命。从标准轴载的当量作用次数入手,通过对公路车辆超载问题的研究,可知超载是引起路面使用寿命缩短的主要原因。     

朔黄重载铁路线路设备合理修理周期研究北大核心

基于朔黄铁路线路设备维修现状,通过理论分析、室内试验和现场测试探讨适用于该铁路线路设备的修理周期。结果表明:直线区段钢轨大修周期为1 390~1 650 Mt通过总质量;半径400~1 500 m曲线区段钢轨换轨周期为300~800 Mt通过总质量;建议在通过总质量达到60 Mt前进行预防性钢轨打磨,通过总质量超过150 Mt时进行修理性钢轨打磨;直线区段扣件更换周期与钢轨大修周期相同;道床每年捣固2~3遍,25、30 t轴重条件下通过总质量分别达到1 300~1 500 Mt、1 200~1 300 Mt时进行道床清筛。