Heavy vehicle pitch dynamics and suspension tuning. Part I: unconnected suspension

The influence of suspension tuning of passenger cars on bounce and pitch ride performance has been explored in a number of studies, while only minimal efforts have been made for establishing similar rules for heavy vehicles. This study aims to explore pitch dynamics and suspension tunings of a two-axle heavy vehicle with unconnected suspension, which could also provide valuable information for heavy vehicles with coupled suspensions. Based on a generalised pitch-plane model of a two-axle heavy vehicle integrating either unconnected or coupled suspension, three dimensionless measures of suspension properties are defined and analysed—namely the pitch margin (PM), pitch stiffness ratio (PSR), and coupled pitch stiffness ratio (CPSR)—for different unconnected suspension tunings and load conditions. Dynamic responses of the vehicle with three different load conditions and five different tunings of the unconnected suspension are obtained under excitations arising from three different random road roughness conditions and a wide range of driving speeds, and braking manoeuvres. The responses are evaluated in terms of performance measures related to vertical and pitch ride, dynamic tyre load, suspension travel, and pitch-attitude control characteristics of the vehicle. Fundamental relationships between the vehicle responses and the proposed suspension measures (PM, PSR, and CPSR) are established, based on which some basic suspension tuning rules for heavy vehicles with unconnected suspensions are also proposed.     

Quasi-steady-state linearisation of the racing vehicle acceleration envelope: a limited slip differential example

In the motorsport environment, passive limited slip differentials are a well-established means of improving the traction limitation imposed by the open differential. Torque sensing types are highly adjustable, and can alter both the stability and agility of the vehicle in the various cornering phases of a typical manoeuvre. In this paper, an adjustable clutch plate or ‘Salisbury’ differential model is presented, which can significantly alter its torque bias characteristics through adjustments in the drive/coast ramp angle, the number of friction faces and preload. To allow robust evaluation of differential parameter changes on ultimate vehicle performance and handling balance, a unified acceleration or ‘GG’ diagram framework is then described. This builds on traditional GG diagram approaches, by using nonlinear constrained optimisation to define both the vehicle acceleration limits and a ‘feasibility’ region within the performance envelope. By linearising a seven degrees of freedom vehicle model at multiple operating points, eigenvalue and yaw rate response analysis is then used to establish contours of stability and agility throughout the GG envelope. This brings new insights into the way in which handling balance changes below and up to the vehicle's acceleration limits.     

The stability and mechanical characteristics of heavy haul couplers with restoring bumpstop

To investigate the stability and mechanical characteristics of a type of heavy haul coupler with restoring bumpstop, the geometry and force states of couplers were analysed at different yaw angles and the longitudinal forces. The structural characteristics of this coupler were summarised. To aid in the investigation, a multi-body dynamics model with four heavy haul locomotives and three detailed couplers was established to simulate the process of emergency braking. In addition, the coupler yaw instability and lateral forces were tested in order to investigate the effect of relevant parameters on the locomotive's wheelset lateral forces. The results show that only when the bumpstop force exceeds half of the coupler longitudinal compression force, can the follower be rotated and the yaw angle of the coupler increase. The bumpstop preload is the most important stabilising factor. The coupler lateral force is constant when the coupler longitudinal force is smaller than the critical values of 2000, 1400 and 1150 kN at coupler free angles of 7°, 8° and 9°, respectively, for operation on straight track. The coupler free angle and the locomotive's lateral clearance of the secondary stopper are important in decreasing the wheelset lateral forces of the locomotive. It is advised that a smaller locomotive's secondary lateral suspension stiffness, a free clearance of 35 mm and an elastic clearance of 15 mm from the secondary lateral stopper be selected. If the coupler's free angle is less than the self-stabilising angle which is 5.5° for operation on straight track, the coupler is stable no matter how great the longitudinal force is. The wheelset lateral forces are allowed at the coupler longitudinal force of 2500 kN when the free angle is 6°. These studies establish meaningful improvements for the stability of couplers and match the heavy haul locomotive with its suspension parameters.     

城市轨道交通道岔失表应急处置程序分析与优化

为解决目前道岔失表情况下城市轨道列车进路办理效率低下的问题,分析了道岔失表的故障发生原因,提出了通过单操道岔及人工现场确认道岔位置的方式办理进路的可能性。通过定性与定量相结合、过程分析与风险评估相结合的方法,对比分析了传统手摇道岔方式与单操道岔及人工现场确认道岔位置方式办理进路的效率及风险概率,验证了道岔失表时优先通过单操道岔及人工现场确认道岔位置的方式办理列车进路的可行性,并据此提出道岔失表现场处置程序优化建议。     

Performance analysis of cargo-handling equipment from a green container terminal perspective

This study employs a green container terminal perspective to compare the performance of four types of cargo handling equipment used in container yards – automatic rail, rail, electric tire, and tire transtainers – based on working efficiency, energy saving performance, and carbon reductions. It is found that automatic rail and electric tire transtainers are the optimal types of green cargo handling equipment.     

散货堆场深厚软基加固中塑料排水板耐久性的探讨

对于铁矿石、煤炭等散货堆场深厚软基加固,采用塑料排水板和使用期分级加载方案时,其时间跨度大,应考虑塑料排水板的排水性能耐久性问题,以确保加载期间塑料排水板的排水性能.使实际的地基排水固结状况符合设计计算模型.通过对不同塑料排水板材质、结构、生产工艺的对比,分析了塑料排水板耐久性的影响因素.提出在散货堆场软基加固中,当时间跨度大时应采用耐久性塑料排水板的观点.     

不可行集蚁群算法在铁路放射性物质载运中的应用

研究铁路货物运输中放射性物质的载运问题,目的是把安全运输与车辆的合理利用有机结合.以货物的客户要求期限与铁路运到期限之差的数学期望、铁路车辆的载重量利用率、装载货物的轻重搭配合理程度作为研究问题的3个目标;将装载货物运输指数限制、车辆标记载重限制、车辆载货容积限制、装载加固限制作为研究问题的约束条件,建立多目标规划模型.依据目标的重要性确定权向量,根据运输实际情况确定理想点,利用理想点法将多目标规划问题转化为单目标规划问题.运用基于不可行集的蚁群算法求得多目标规划问题的有效解.本文给出铁路放射性物质载运问题的计算实例,编程计算的结果证明蚁群算法具有较高的效率和可靠性.     

浅谈强夯置换法在处理粉煤灰路基中的应用

以热电厂沉淀池粉煤灰段作为路基的处理方法在软地基处理中的应用在兰州地区尚属首例。在确保工程质量、确保工程工期、并最大可能地节省工程投资的前提下,尝试性地采用强夯换置法对粉煤灰段进行软基处理施工,取得了良好的社会效益和经济效益,相关经验可供类似工程参考。     

宝钢马迹山矿石中转港无功功率补偿及谐波滤波设计

宝钢马迹山矿石中转港盐雾腐蚀严重，供电电网短路容量小，港内有大冲击负荷。针对上述特点，在港区无功功率补偿及谐波设计时，选用了热管自冷却技术的SVC装置，实际运行效果非常好。可为类似工程提供借鉴。     

空气弹簧对重卡平顺性影响研究

为使重卡在平顺性方面满足国际或国家法规要求,利用专用软件,在建立有限元模型的基础上,通过计算机线性静态模拟计算分析,建立重卡有限元模型,进行动态模拟分析和数据分析,从重卡的平顺性出发,通过对安装空气弹簧重卡平顺性实验,然后建立重型卡车ADMAS/Car虚拟样机模型,针对空气弹簧在重卡上的平顺性能影响进行仿真和试验对比分析,并提出改进建议以达到设计目标。