接地面部分溶化条件下冰面轮胎摩擦力的研究

综合运用流体动力润滑理论的能量守恒定律，提出了接地面部分溶化条件下冰面上汽车轮胎的摩擦力或牵引力的理论计算模型。证明了正常工作条件下，接地面上冰产生溶化的可能。对不同制动和驱动条件下轮胎摩擦力进行了计算，取得了同试验数据吻合很好的预测结果。并同已有预测模型进行了比较，比较结果表明：本文依据严格的润滑理论所推导出的冰面轮胎牵引力模型比其它已有理论模型更接近试验结果。     

考虑流凌效应的大跨径梁桥最大悬臂施工状态作用响应分析

内蒙古包树黄河特大桥工程在黄河凌汛期恰好处于最大悬臂施工阶段,为保证其安全度汛,对此种不利工况进行作用响应分析及安全性验算.采用计算土弹簧刚度来模拟桩-土摩阻效应,并采用Maxwell模型以模拟墩顶新型粘滞阻尼器的墩梁位移效应,建立了该桥最大悬臂施工阶段数值仿真模型.在流凌期间实测流冰荷载、洪水荷载及风载等作用组合下,计算分析了该桥最大悬臂阶段桥墩和主梁的线形变化和受力特性.结果表明,流冰荷载单独作用对该桥最大悬臂阶段桥墩和主梁线形和内力影响有限,同时在各荷载工况下桥墩及主梁线形和内力均满足桥梁监控要求.     

Transport of radionuclides by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads

A transport assessment of particle-bound and dissolved artificial radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu) by sea-ice and dense-water formed in western Kara Sea flaw leads close to the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites is presented in this study. We both performed a “best estimate” based on available data, and a “maximum assessment” relying on simulated constant releases of 1 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu from individual dumping bays. The estimates are based on a combination of (i) the content of particulate matter in sea-ice; (ii) analytical data and numerical simulations of radionuclide concentrations in shelf surface deposits, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and the dissolved phase; and (iii) estimates of lead-ice and dense-water formation rates as well as modeling results of local ice drift pathways. In the “best estimate” case, 2.90 GBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.51 GBq ^239,240Pu attached to sea-ice sediments can be exported from the lead areas toward the central Arctic basin. The radionuclide burden of the annually formed dense lead water in the “best estimate” amounts to 4.68 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and 0.014 TBq ^239,240Pu. In the “maximum assessment”, potential export-rates of ice-particle bound ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu toward the central Arctic would amount to 0.64 and 0.16 TBq, respectively. As much as ≈900 TBq ¹³⁷Cs and ≈6.75 TBq ^239,240Pu could be annually taken up by 34.75 dense-water rejected in the lead area. Assuming the (unlikely) instantaneous release of the total ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu inventories (≈1 PBq and 10 TBq, respectively) from the Novaya Zemlya dumping sites into the dissolved phase, the dense lead water locally formed during one winter season could take up ≈90% of the Cs and ≈68% of the Pu released.     

Pb and Pu in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland: particle dynamics and sediment mixing rates

Distributions of the radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb and ^239,240Pu in sediment cores from the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland, showed that these nuclides reached depths of 5–15 cm by particle mixing and sediment accumulation. End-member average values of the particle mixing coefficient and sediment accumulation rate were 0.13 cm² y⁻¹ and 0.06 cm y⁻¹, obtained from the ²¹⁰Pb profiles by assuming that each process is dominant relative to the other. Both ²¹⁰Pb and ^239,240Pu were measured on four cores; using the Pu data to constrain mixing rates produced corrected sediment accumulation rates that were 20–80% of the values calculated by neglecting mixing. Organic carbon burial in the polynya sediments was ≤0.4 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹, based on measured POC values at depth in the sediments and sediment accumulation rates corrected for mixing. This value is about 1% of the independently measured POC flux leaving the euphotic zone and compares with benthic carbon remineralization rates of 7% calculated by others from O₂ uptake in the sediments.The inventories of excess ²¹⁰Pb in the sediments ranged from 6 to 28 dpm cm⁻². Relative to the atmospheric input of ²¹⁰Pb and in situ production from decay of ²²⁶Ra, approximately 5 dpm cm⁻² of ²¹⁰Pb was being removed from the water column. The difference between the removal from the water column and sediment inventories suggests a net import of ²¹⁰Pb to the polynya. This may occur by input of dissolved ²¹⁰Pb from offshore waters or by input of ²¹⁰Pb carried by sea ice. Particulate matter in land-derived fast ice adjacent to the polynya contained 330 ± 14 dpm of excess ²¹⁰Pb g⁻¹. If particles transported in sea ice are comparable to those extracted from fast ice, then sea ice transport into the polynya followed by melting may be an important source of excess ²¹⁰Pb to the area. Fast ice also may contribute ²¹⁰Pb if portions break off and melt within the polynya, as occurred in 1993.     

Species of Thaumatomastix (Thaumatomastigidae, Protista incertae sedis) from the Arctic sea ice biota (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland)

The sea ice biota of polar regions contains numerous heterotrophic flagellates very few of which have been properly identified. The whole mount technique for transmission electron microscopy enables the identification of loricate and scaly forms. A survey of Arctic ice samples (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland) revealed the presence of ca. 12 taxa belonging to the phagotrophic genus Thaumatomastix (Protista incertae sedis). Species of Thaumatomastix possess siliceous body scales and one naked and one scale-covered flagellum. The presence in both Arctic samples and sea ice material previously examined from the Antarctic indicates that this genus is most likely ubiquitous in polar sea ice and may be an important component in sea ice biota microbial activities.     

Coupled transport-reaction pathways and distribution patterns between siliciclastic-carbonate sediments at the Ria de Vigo

This paper examines the linkages between the space-distribution of grain sizes and the relative percentage of the amount of mineral species that result from the mixing process of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments at the Ria de Vigo (NW of Spain).The space-distribution of minerals was initially determined, starting from a detailed mineralogical study based on XRD-Rietveld analysis of the superficial sediments. Correlations between the maps obtained for grain sizes, average fractions of either siliciclastic or carbonates, as well as for individual-minerals, were further stabilised. From this analysis, spatially organized patterns were found between carbonates and several minerals involved in the siliciclastic fraction. In particular, a coupled behaviour is observed between plagioclases and carbonates, in terms of their relative percentage amounts and the grain size distribution.In order to explain these results a conceptual model is proposed, based on the interplay between chemical processes at the seawater–sediment interface and hydrodynamical factors. This model suggests the existence of chemical control mechanisms that, by selective processes of dissolution-crystallization, constrain the mixed environment's long-term evolution, inducing the formation of self-organized sedimentary patterns.     

考虑冰、浪等复杂载荷工况的半潜式平台应力与运动响应特征

半潜平台在极地深水海域应用广泛,经常面对冰、浪等复杂载荷。本文从应力时程和运动时程两方面分析了半潜平台在波浪载荷,海冰载荷以及冰-浪联合载荷作用下的响应特征。结果表明,虽然海冰载荷的存在具有一定程度的抑波作用,平台的震荡得到缓解,但是冰-浪联合载荷会导致平台关键节点部位所受应力幅值大幅增加,并超过海冰和波浪单独作用产生的应力之和,对半潜平台的结构安全造成较大威胁。因此在研究、设计极地海域半潜平台时应同时考虑冰、浪对平台的影响。     

尺度效应对全附体潜艇阻力数值计算结果的影响

  目的  随着各国对北极地理和气候环境研究的深入,越来越深刻认识到潜艇在北极所能发挥的政治和军事价值。研究潜艇破冰上浮过程及冰载荷的动态特性,可为潜艇壳体的设计和破冰厚度的选择提供支撑。  方法  基于近场动力学方法建立潜艇破冰上浮过程计算模型。首先,详细介绍近场动力学方法用于捕捉物体断裂问题的理论基础,分析该方法用于海冰材料模拟的可行性。然后,为反映潜艇破冰上浮真实的物理过程,基于接触检测理论,建立海冰粒子与潜艇表面的接触区域识别算法,给出计算接触载荷方法。最后,将近场动力学方法与接触区域识别算法结合在一起,开发潜艇破冰上浮计算程序,以跟踪每一个时刻的破冰状态,计算海冰对潜艇壳体的作用力。并以美国DARPA潜艇模型SUBOFF为计算对象,开展潜艇破冰上浮过程数值模拟。  结果  计算结果表明：在用所提方法模拟的潜艇上浮破冰过程中,海冰的动态断裂过程与观察到的美国核潜艇的破冰上浮结果基本一致,冰载荷的动态变化与实际情况相符合。  结论  该方法能为潜艇与冰的相互作用研究提供思路,所得结果可为极地潜艇壳体结构的优化设计提供支撑。     

风火山隧道穿越地下冰层施工技术

重点介绍青藏铁路风火山隧道穿越厚层地下冰层施工中 ,针对地下冰层易热融滑塌的特点 ,摸索出一些行之有效的施工技术措施 :井挖采用预留光爆层光面爆破 ,减少装药量 ,设置保温设施 ,暖季施工利用夜间通冷风 ,低温下快速有效封闭围岩 ,加快模筑混凝土衬砌速度 ,铺设保温板 ,加强测温工作等。     

我国加入压载水公约的前景分析和对策

本文介绍了船舶压载水的由来及相关国际公约,就压载水公约产生的影响进行分析,对各领域的前景作了合理的预测。对照公约要求,结合我国实际,从国际与区域管理、国家管理和港口管理三个层面,日常管理和应急管理两个方面,提出应采取的对策措施。