A summary of the formation and seasonal progression of the Northeast Water Polynya

A summary of the seasonal development of the Northeast Water Polynya ice cover characteristics is presented. This is based primarily on satellite remote sensing observations, with some in situ measurements, including both new and published data.     

电动汽车空调系统解决方案

为了保持电动汽车的舒适性,本文探讨了电动汽车空调系统的几种解决方案,分别对电动空调系统、电驱动压缩机系统、座椅空调系统以及冰水冷媒制冷系统进行了介绍。对于电动空调系统,分别介绍了电动热泵式空调系统、电动压缩机制冷与电加热器制热混合调节空调系统。     

高寒地区公路工程施工中的“冰包”防治

针对高寒地区公路施工,阐述了“冰包”（涎流冰）形成的机理,并结合长期治理“冰包”的实践方法,提出了治理“冰包”的几种措施。     

冰雪道路表面的热量平衡研究

道路上存在的冰雪导致路面抗滑性能下降,并影响车辆的行车安全。冬季道路养护的关键是把握路面冰雪的状态,最重要的是预测路面冰雪的状态变化。文章根据观测结果将路面积雪分类,进行冰雪道路表面的热量平衡探索,为改善冰雪道路的路面安全性奠定一定的理论基础。     

冰雪条件下乌鲁木齐市平面交叉口交通特征分析

立足于乌鲁木齐市中心城区平面信号控制交叉口,以乌鲁木齐市西虹西路与南昌南路交叉口为例,调查不同天气条件下交叉口的交通流特性,研究冰雪条件下道路交叉口机动车的延误、车速及车头时距状况。分析冰雪条件下机动车存平面信号交叉口时的交通流特征,并与正常天气下进行对比。结果表明冰雪条件下机动车停驶延误增加4～8S,引道延误增加2～5S,车速降低约30％,车头时距增加10％～20％。研究成果为乌鲁木齐市在交通规划和设计中提供参考依据。     

Sediment physical properties of the DYNAS study area

Physical properties of the deposits in the DYNAS study area, the Mecklenburg Bay, were investigated using sediment echosounders and laboratory analysis were carried out on undisturbed short sediment cores. Wet bulk densities of about 1.2 g/cm³ for mud and up to 1.9 g/cm³ for silty sand were found in surface sediments of the Mecklenburg Bay. Sediment density–depth functions were approximated by logarithmic regression functions at different depth intervals. Sediment consolidation was studied by both (i) consolidation tests of sediment samples and (ii) from the void ratio–overburden pressure relation in natural sediments. Low shear strength values of 9–71 Pa were measured at the mud surface. Downcore, a depth gradient of about 14.5 Pa/cm was calculated. Sediments with high silt and sand contents are characterized by shear strength values of up to 3000 Pa. Published formulas derived from erosion studies were used to calculate the critical shear stress using wet bulk density and shear strength. The obtained results demonstrate clearly, that there is still a wide gap in knowledge about the relationships between erosion parameters and sediment physical properties.     

海难再次提醒我们注意冰区航行

结合“埃德蒙顿”号在白令海冰困遇难的教训,建议船舶应谨慎进入冰区;同时对从事冰区航行的船舶应做的准备、冰区航行的方法以及冰困后的救助措施进行了论述。     

冰区船舶操纵

本文详细分析了船舶在冰区航行时靠离码头，冰流中锚泊，冰中救助等冰区船舶操纵特殊情况，并总结经验。其对船舶在冰区安全航行具有很好指导意义。     

Microbial community structure in the marginal ice zone of the Bellingshausen Sea

Phytoplankton, bacteria and microzooplankton were investigated on a transect in the Bellingshausen Sea during the ice melt period in November–December 1992. The transect along the 85°W meridian comprised seven stations that progressed from solid pack-ice (70°S), through melting ice into open water (67°S). The abundance, biomass and taxonomic composition were determined for each component of the microbial community. The phytoplankton was mostly dominated by diatoms, particularly small (<20 μm) species. Diatom abundance ranged from 66 000 cells l⁻¹ under the ice to 410 000 cells l⁻¹ in open water. Phytoplankton biomass varied from <1 to 167 mg C m⁻³, with diatoms comprising 89–95% of the total biomass in open water and autotrophic nanoflagellates comprising 57% under the ice. The standing stocks of autotrophs in the mixed layer ranged from 95 mg C m⁻² under the pack-ice to 9478 mg C m⁻² in open waters. Bacterial abundance in ice-covered and open water stations varied from 1.1 to 5.5×10⁸ cells l⁻¹. Bacterial biomass ranged from 2.4 mg C m⁻³ under pack-ice to an average of 14 mg C m⁻³ in open water. The microzooplankton consisted mainly of aloricate oligotrich ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and these were most abundant in open waters. Their biomass varied between 0.2 and 54 mg C m⁻³ with a minimum at depth under the ice and maximum in open surface waters. Microheterotrophic standing stocks varied between 396 mg C m⁻² under pack-ice and 3677 mg C m⁻² in the open waters. The standing stocks of the total microbial community increased consistently from 491 mg C m⁻² at the ice station to 13 155 mg C m⁻² in open waters, reflecting the productive response of the community to ice-melt. The composition of the microbial community also shifted markedly from one dominated by heterotrophs (82% of microbial stocks) at the ice station to one dominated by autotrophs (73% of microbial stocks) in the open water. Our estimates suggest that the microbial community comprised >100% of the total particulate organic carbon (POC) under the ice and 62–66% of the measured POC in the open waters.     

The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds

The correlation between areas of open water in ice-covered seas and increased biological productivity has been noted for some time. To date, most attention has been focused on larger polynyas, such as the Northeast Water and the Northwater. Although spectacular in their own right, these large polynyas represent only part of a vitally important continuum of biological productivity that varies significantly between geographic areas and ice habitats, that includes the multi-year pack of the polar ocean and small localized polynyas in annual ice. Surveys of the distribution and abundance of ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago have shown differences in density that are correlated with the presence or absence of polynyas. There is also significant variation in the biological productivity of polynya areas of the Canadian High Arctic Archipelago and northern Greenland, all of which receive inflow from the polar basin. Long-term studies of polar bears and ringed seals in western Hudson Bay and the eastern Beaufort Sea show significant but dissimilar patterns of change in condition and reproductive rates between the two regions and suggest that fundamentally different climatic or oceanographic processes may be involved. Projections of climate models suggest that, if warming occurs, then the extent of ice cover in Hudson Bay may be among the first things affected. Long-term studies of polar bears and ringed seals in the eastern Beaufort Sea and Hudson Bay would suggest these two species to be suitable indicators of significant climatic or oceanographic changes in the marine ecosystem.