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171.
In view of the ongoing discussions concerning the possible designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA), a modal split model was applied to a case involving the transportation of consolidated cargoes between Thessaloniki, Greece and industrial hubs of northern Germany. A road-only option was assessed against a combined-transport route involving a ferry (Greece–Italy) and a truck-on-train (Italy–Austria) service. The logit model used considers two variables as determinants of the modal selection: transport cost and time. The data are derived from interviews with a small transport service provider, typical for Greece, and are based on actual trips made (revealed preferences). The results predict that the designation of the Mediterranean as a SECA will cause a modal shift in favour of the road-only route by 5.2%, which under certain assumptions can reach 17.1%. However, the environmental implications of the resulting modal choices, calculated through the EcoTransIT World web based tool, are positive in relation to all emissions examined. This is attributed to the longer distance of the combined-transport option in comparison to the road-only one and, the poor environmental performance of the Ro-Pax vessels basically due to the need to maintain a relatively high speed. 相似文献
172.
This paper develops three game-theoretical models to analyze shipping competition between two carriers in a new emerging liner container shipping market. The behavior of each carrier is characterized by an optimization model with the objective to maximize his payoff by setting optimal freight rate and shipping deployment (a combination of service frequency and ship capacity setting). The market share for each carrier is determined by the Logit-based discrete choice model. Three competitive game strategic interactions are further investigated, namely, Nash game, Stackelberg game and deterrence by taking account of the economies of scale of the ship capacity settings. Three corresponding competition models with discrete pure strategy are formulated as the variables in shipment deployment are indivisible and the pricing adjustment is step-wise in practice. A ɛ -approximate equilibrium and related numerical solution algorithm are proposed to analyze the effect of Nash equilibrium. Finally, the developed models are numerically evaluated by a case study. The case study shows that, with increasing container demand in the market, expanding ship capacity setting is preferable due to its low marginal cost. Furthermore, Stackelberg equilibrium is a prevailing strategy in most market situations since it makes players attain more benefits from the accommodating market. Moreover, the deterrence effects largely depend on the deterrence objective. An aggressive deterrence strategy may make potential monopolist suffer large benefit loss and an easing strategy has little deterrence effect. 相似文献
173.
We propose the problem of profit-based container assignment (P-CA), in which the container shipment demand is dependent on the freight rate, similar to the “elastic demand” in the literature on urban transportation networks. The problem involves determining the optimal freight rates, the number of containers to transport and how to transport the containers in a liner shipping network to maximize the total profit. We first consider a tactical-level P-CA with known demand functions that are estimated based on historical data and formulate it as a nonlinear optimization model. The tactical-level P-CA can be used for evaluating and improving the container liner shipping network. We then address the operational-level P-CA with unknown demand functions, which aims to design a mechanism that adjusts the freight rates to maximize the profit. A theoretically convergent trial-and-error approach, and a practical trial-and-error approach, are developed. A numerical example is reported to illustrate the application of the models and approaches. 相似文献
174.
Shipping has traditionally been viewed as the least environmentally damaging mode of freight transport. Recent studies have increasingly questioned this perception, as attention has focused on both the greenhouse gas emissions (mainly CO2) and the emission of health-damaging pollutants (such as sulphur, nitrogen oxides and particulates) by ships. This paper reviews the available evidence on the atmospheric emissions of shipping. It proposes that the profit objective has prompted the pursuit of greater fuel efficiency within the sector, but that reliance on market forces alone is insufficient to deliver on the environmental imperative. The paper outlines the current and planned regulatory regime for the atmospheric emissions from ships and posits that greater, and more diverse, market regulation is required. Alternative general approaches to regulatory compliance are categorised as ‘alternative sources of energy’ or ‘abatement technologies’ and the characteristics of a range of specific options are analysed. The paper concludes that although the shipping industry has been slow to improve its environmental credentials, a combination of regulation and technological innovation provides it with significant potential to dramatically reduce its environmental impact. 相似文献
175.
Abstract As the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) market is supply-driven and subject to long-term contracts, both liquefaction companies and shipowners need to make strategic decisions on fleet chartering requirements. These planning decisions become ever more difficult in light of the transformations permeating the LNG market, propelling into a more competitive market with more flexible trades and expanding spot markets. The overcapacity of LNG ships during 2008–2009 triggered by massive overcontracting is a good case in point where the use of decision support models would have been beneficial, especially considering the fortunes and risks at stake. In this paper we present an LNG shipping model that effectively supports decision-making in practice. To demonstrate the value added of the model, we study the implications of LNG project delays and increased decommissioning of ships with respect to market balance and fleet requirements. 相似文献
176.
为了揭示内河航运发展与区域经济增长之间的关系以及二者的作用机制,以重庆市\"内河运输-区域经济\"复合系统1985-2009年的数据为研究对象,建立了基于协整理论的自回归分布滞后模型和vAR模型,并进行了脉冲响应分析.研究结果表明,内河航运发展与区域经济增长之间存在单向的因果关系,内河航运的发展对区域经济增长具有较强的拉动作用,并且这种作用力度长期明显强于短期.区域经济的增长不能自发带动内河航运的发展,甚至对内河航运发展具有抑制效应.最后根据实证分析结论,给出了相应的政策建议. 相似文献
177.
港口岸线是不可再生的稀缺资源,在社会经济发展中发挥着重要作用。文章以苏州市为分析样本,介绍了苏州内河港口岸线利用现状,通过与周边地区进行对照,分析了当前苏州内河港口岸线管理方面存在的不足,并提出了在建设现代化内河水运体系的背景下,提升苏州内河港口岸线集约化管理水平的途径。 相似文献
178.
179.
内河航运是上海国际航运中心集疏运体系和城乡综合交通系统的重要组成部分,也是实现经济社会可持续发展的重要战略资源.本规划以《国务院关于加快长江等内河水运发展的意见》、《上海市国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》为主要依据,以内河集疏运体系建设为重点,在分析内河航运发展阶段性特征并衔接相关行业规划的基础上,明确了“十二五”内河航运发展目标和主要任务,主要内容涵盖了内河航道、内河港口、内河船舶和支持保障系统. 相似文献
180.
目前行驶在长江三角洲限制性航道上的船型与GB 50139—2004《内河通航标准》所列的设计船型尺度有一定的差别,交通运输部规划的集装箱船型在GB 50139—2004《内河通航标准》中没有列入,限制性航道尺度确定只有规范最小取值没有计算公式,但在实际应用过程中,航道尺度与船型尺度是直接相关的.结合相关航道设计经验,探讨如何根据设计船型尺度合理确定限制性航道设计尺度的方法. 相似文献