问题导向的高校转专业制度设计与管理研究

高校学生在转专业过程中易出现集体融入、环境适应及人际关系问题,也容易面临过高的学习压力和心理落差。要有效解决转专业过程中的易发问题,需从完善制度和提升管理两方面入手。为此,高校应创设更灵活、人性化的转专业制度,主要涵盖合理调控转专业名额、适当降低门槛、增加转专业次数、设置双学位或辅修制度等措施;同时强化管理工作,理清学生转专业意愿、及时给予引导,灵活安排转专业学生的班级、宿舍,提供学生干部任职机会,以及关注学生状态,减轻课业负担、加强心理健康教育,更好地为学生服务。     

探索企业机构改革过程中党建创先争优之路

开展创先争优活动，是创新和加强基层党组织建设的一项重大举措，是深入学习实践科学发展观活动的延展和深入，是党的建设一项重要的经常性工作，更是企业党组织促进企业发展，保障企业和谐的动力所在。文中就企业机构改革过程中，如何把创先争优活动组织好、开展好、落实好，从而推动企业党建工作的创新发展进行了讨论，并提出了策略和方法。     

MINOE: A Software Tool to Analyze Ocean Management Efforts in the Context of Ecosystems

Transitioning ocean governance into an integrated ecosystem-based approach requires improved knowledge of existing governance arrangements. This article presents a software tool, MINOE, to assist policymakers, scientists, and others involved in ecosystem-based management initiatives to navigate through management documents as they relate to a user-defined ecosystem. The tool uses a conceptually modeled ecosystem, defined by the user, and text analysis of a set of management-related documents to determine which ecosystem linkages are potentially acknowledged in the documents. For illustration, the set of documents included with MINOE currently (and used to demonstrate the software in this article) are laws and regulations from four geopolitical jurisdictions for the year 2006; however, users may also import other documents for a more tailored application. Features include an interactive matrix containing results about the set of management documents within the user's scope and scale of interest. In addition, MINOE includes metrics and visualization tools to synthesize information derived from the documents. The article presents the software tool, describes potential uses for the tool, and ends with a discussion of future work to expand the program.     

Application of a Sustainable Fisheries Development Indicator System (SFDIS) for Better Management Outcomes in Taiwan Offshore and Coastal Fishery

A sustainable fisheries development indicator system (SFDIS) is proposed in this article to monitor management of Taiwan's offshore and coastal fisheries. Demonstration of its application shows that the ecological index is tending toward sustainability but to conserve fisheries’ resources it is necessary to strengthen habitat protection and management through a partnership approach. The economic index is tending toward unsustainability as a result of a decline in fisheries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP), value, economic production, and investment. An aging fisherman population and decreasing social performance and resilience contribute to unsustainability of the social index. By contrast, the institutional index is sustainable because of improved management efficiency, ability, and capacity-building. However, some problems exist with regard to compliance and acceptability of institutional expense. Overall, the SFDIS suggests that an increase in employee number, incorrect statistical data, and unacceptable institutional expense will make Taiwan's offshore and coastal fisheries unsustainable in the long run.     

The changing role of decision support instruments in integrated infrastructure planning: lessons from the Sustainability Check

This article draws lessons about recent innovations in decision support for coping with challenges in integrated infrastructure planning strategies. After setting up a conceptual framework for the scope of analysis and the use of information in infrastructure planning, the empirical section explores the introduction of early-stage sustainability assessment tools. Data collection draws on experiences gained in the Netherlands with a new tool: ‘Sustainability Check’. We conclude that such instruments have a number of capacities that address the challenges of area-oriented planning: (a) bringing together information about the comprehensive value of alternatives, (b) facilitating the generation of alternatives, (c) addressing institutional fragmentation by learning about referential frames, and (d) adding contextual perspectives to the ‘hard’ outcomes of conventional tools. We also conclude that tools such as Sustainability Check should not be seen as a replacement for conventional decision support tools, but rather as complementary to them.     

城市轨道交通车辆基地用地规划对综合开发绩效的影响

轨道交通车辆基地用地规划的选址和用地规模对综合开发的可行性和经济性影响显著。通过对车辆基地综合开发的建设周期、建设成本和开发强度分析,发现各个城市的落实程度和效果不一,整体出现综合利用比例低、综合绩效不理想等现象。以北京、南宁等城市为例,对典型车辆基地的规划布局和用地规模进行研究,车辆基地选址普遍位于非生活区,周边缺乏配套基础设施;用地规模受节地模式的影响,导致地块狭长、缺少腹地。研究结果表明在多样化的车辆基地用地程序下,重大项目和单独选址的用地模式导致车辆基地普遍采用节地模式,从而削弱综合利用结构转换层落地的可能性,缺少腹地限制了联合开发与综合平衡的可能性;由于在选址阶段考虑土地收储成本,导致位于城市边缘地区的车辆基地易受地价和周边开发成熟度的制约,影响综合利用率和上盖开发业态。基于此,对车辆基地在功能定位、选址标准、用地程序、规划编制等方面存在的缺失和错位提出改进建议。     

Public Stakeholders' Perception of ICZM and Coastal Erosion in the Mediterranean

The Mediterranean area plays a pivotal role within the definition and implementation of regional strategies for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). Under the umbrella of the Regional Framework Operation BeachMed-e, a research project was carried out in five Mediterranean EU regions (East Macedonia and Thrace in Greece, Lazio, Liguria, and Emilia Romagna in Italy and Languedoc-Roussillon in France), in order to study the different approaches to ICZM that have been applied and also to test new approaches to these regions. The aim of this article is to present and discuss the results of the common surveys conducted in order to investigate the institutional stakeholders’ perception on ICZM in the five Mediterranean regions considered. The results are presented region by region, while comparisons are carried out among regions. Summarizing the results it can be stated that some differences and common problems affecting the coastal decision-makers of the five Mediterranean regions considered were identified. Particularly, stakeholders involved in coastal management generally perceived a lack of collaboration and a poor information exchange in all the regions, resulting sometimes in a lack of awareness on coastal erosion issues.     

Environmental reform of West and Central Africa ports: the influence of colonial legacies

West and Central Africa ports have historically not paid much attention to environmental issues. In the past decade, however, environmental concerns are beginning to emerge with pockets of innovative responses to environmental risks as the ports undergo institutional and infrastructural reform – most notably, with concessions to multinational terminal operators. In this article, environmental management processes in the ports of Abidjan (Ivory Coast), Douala (Cameroon), Lagos (Nigeria) and Tema (Ghana) are compared. Three aspects of ecological modernization theory: changing role of the state, growing involvement of economic actors and economic incentives, and shifting roles for civil society organizations are focused on to analyse the dynamics of their environmental reform. Findings suggest that globalization processes are a common major trigger in enhancing a gradual but still fragmented and limited process of environmental reform in West and Central Africa ports, but paces and pathways of the reform are influenced by national politico-administrative arrangements rooted in colonial legacies. Consequently, understanding and advancing environmental reform processes of West and Central Africa ports requires following trends and significant developments but also taking into account national historical trajectories.     

Institutions Shaping Coastal Ecosystems: The Algarve Case

Water and land use have changed dramatically over the last thirty years in Southern European coastal zones. For climatic and economic reasons coastal tourism development is often accompanied by simultaneous intensification of agricultural activity. The literature highlights a number of emerging resource pressures. The intensity of land use, excessive infrastructure development, and overexploitation of water resources pose the primary problems. Unsustainable development is often ascribed to mal-performing institutions (e.g., environmental management and land use planning), but there is a lack of studies analyzing the way in which institutions contribute to the problem. We address this gap by devising an analytical strategy that combines function analysis with the analysis of governance structures, property rights, and actors. This strategy is applied to the analysis of changes in ecosystem functions of the Portuguese coastal zone of the Algarve between the mid-eighties and today. Based on the analysis we call for an improvement of the performance of formal institutions in the Algarve. Actors in charge of implementing reformed institutions have to be given the financial and human means to implement formal property rights. Furthermore, entitlements for resource exploitation and interconnected transactions should not anymore be taken for granted. Specifically, institutions to control land use should be made more effective and incentives, that exclusively promote development, such as the construction tax, need to be questioned.     

An Institutional Analysis of Coordination in Liberalized Port-related Railway Chains: An Application to the Port of Rotterdam

Abstract

The European railway market has gone through a period of liberalization over the last two decades. The liberalization of the railway market has also affected port-related railway transport. Efficient port-related transport chains are key in the competition among ports, however providing this efficiency is to a large extent a coordination challenge. Many forms of coordination are needed to ensure that the railway chain operates efficiently, including the bundling of cargo, and good organization between railway companies, terminal operators and the infrastructure managers to realize an efficient use of assets. From the literature, it appears that less attention has been paid to the economic organization of port-related railway transport in general, and specifically in the new liberalized institutional environment. The goal of this paper is to come up with a framework to better understand the issue of coordination in port-related railway chains in a liberalized institutional environment. This paper presents a conceptual framework rooted in Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). Based on an in-depth study into coordination in liberalized container railway market at the Port of Rotterdam, empirical illustrations are used to adjust the TCE approach toward a dynamic model influenced by Douglas North's theory on economic and institutional change. Empirics from the port of Rotterdam show that new players have entered the railway market and their role has changed. This paper shows that coordination of railway operations has become more complex after the regime change. From a port perspective, liberalization does not lead to an optimal allocation of resources in a process that is highly operationally interdependent. In the liberalized environment, coordination arrangements are necessary to enable efficient coordination of railway operations in Rotterdam.