具有离散时滞的非局部单物种种群模型的行波解

研究了一类具有离散时滞的非局部单物种种群模型的行波解的存在性,证明了当时滞充分小时,方程具有连接2个平衡点的单调行波解,得到了一些新的结果.     

The slippery slope of lot consolidation in the Santa Monica Mountains: A program assessment

Abstract

The authors present an assessment of the Coastal Conservancy's efforts to consolidate small, substandard lots in the Santa Monica Mountains. Emphasis is placed on the ‘ ‘lessons learned’ ‘ by the Conservancy in its project experience as those lessons may be applicable to related efforts elsewhere. Finally, alternative means of lot consolidation are suggested. This assessment should be of relevance to other programs nationwide to address the problem of antiquated subdivisions.     

华北地区公路绿化常见树种研究

通过多年的考察并结合工作实践,从植物学的角度对华北地区的公路绿化常见树种进行分析,简要介绍华北地区公路绿化树种选择的基本原则,并结合公路环境现状,对绿化树种的选择提出建议,对于北方地区公路绿化具有一定的参考价值.     

集装箱班轮公司航次运力销售过程优化模型

基于种群演变和共生理论,采用Cobb-Douglas生产函数描述航运市场整体需求,从顾客的购买行为出发,以收益最大作为集装箱班轮公司的经营目标,以基于时间序列的运力与运价作为决策变量,构建了集装箱班轮公司航次运力销售过程优化模型。运用Taylor公式与最小二乘法等代数变换手段将非线性规划问题转化为线性规划问题,对关键参数进行了标定与敏感性分析,并利用MATLAB软件进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明:当单个集装箱班轮公司的运力为104 TEU时,采用常规的销售策略,集装箱班轮公司可售出的运力为7 534~9 966TEU,获得收益为1 233 158~12 915 936USD,采用提出的优化模型,可售出的运力为9 915TEU,获得收益为15 111 975USD,收益至少提高17%;当2个集装箱班轮公司的运力均为104 TEU时,采用提出的优化模型,2个集装箱班轮公司可售出的运力分别为9 920、9 947TEU,获得收益分别为14 241 771、9 737 528USD,达到纳什均衡;当3个集装箱班轮公司的运力均为104 TEU时,采用提出的优化模型,3个集装箱班轮公司可售出的运力分别为8 289、5 526、6 034TEU,获得收益分别为6 755 755、6 119 906、4 377 758USD,达到纳什均衡。可见提出的模型可描述多个集装箱班轮公司运力销售情况,且表现出显著的优化效果。     

Spatio-temporal variations in deep-sea demersal communities off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean)

The spatial and temporal variations of deep-sea megafaunal assemblages from the western Mediterranean are analysed in the present paper. The assemblages from two locations of the Balearic Islands situated 120 km apart were compared using data collected seasonally on a bathymetric stratum covering the 150–750 m depth range during six bottom-trawl surveys. The assemblage structure, in terms of species composition, species dominance and population sizes, was differentially affected by the spatio-temporal variables analysed (depth, location and fishing period). Although depth was the main factor determining the assemblage composition, the differences obtained between the two locations were also relevant. On the upper slope these between-location differences in the dynamics of megafaunal assemblages were found to be related to the effect of fishing exploitation. Population size-based metrics and biomass spectra were good predictors of meso-scale fishing effects, and were mainly reflected by elasmobranchs and demersal teleosts. Nevertheless, the effects of fishing depended on the species considered. Two dominant large-sized fish species found on the upper slope in both localities, Galeus melastomus and Phycis blennoides, had higher biomass values associated with lower fishing effort. Although the mean body weight (MBW) of both species and also the mean maximum body weight (MMBW) of G. melastomus agreed with this pattern, the P. blennoides MMBW did not. This last case could be indicative of natural size-trends such as the bigger–deeper phenomenon which refers to the displacement of large individuals towards the deeper limit of their bathymetric distribution, beyond the maximum depth sampled in this study for this species. By contrast, the target species of the upper slope fishery, the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus, was not negatively affected by the direct impact of fishing activity and other environmental factors, such as the presence of specific water masses could also be important.     

Analysis of the parasitic copepod species richness among Mediterranean fish

The Mediterranean ichthyofauna is composed of 652 species belonging to 405 genera and 117 families. Among these, 182 were studied for their parasitic copepods. The analysis of all the works conducted on these crustacea yielded 226 species distributed in 88 genera and 20 families. For each fish species we have established a file providing the species name of the fish, its family, its geographical distribution within the Mediterranean and some of its bio-ecological characteristics. Within each file, all the parasitic copepod species reported on each host species were listed. This allowed to know the species richness (SR) of these hosts. We thus produced 182 files within which 226 copepod species are distributed. A program was created under the Hypercard software, in order to analyse our data. Two parameters were studied. The first one is the mean species richness (MSR), which corresponds to the mean of the different SR found on the different host species. The second is the parasite–host ratio (P/H), which is the ratio of the number of copepod species by the number of host species. These parameters are calculated by our program for all the 182 species of Mediterranean fishes retained in our investigation, on the first hand, and, on the second hand, for one particular group of fish species. We used the following variables to investigate their correlations with copepod species richness: taxonomy—fish families, genera and species; biometry—maximal size of the adult fish; eco-ethology—mode of life (benthic, pelagic or nectonic), displacements (sedentary, migratory with environmental change, or migratory without environmental change), behaviour (solitary or gregarious). Other variables (colour, food, reproduction, abundance, distribution area) were also analysed but did not reveal any clear correlation. Providing that our study does not rely on quantitative (prevalence, intensity) but qualitative basis our aim was only to reveal some tendencies. These tendencies are as follows: (1) In many cases, parasite and host phylogeny seem to play an important role. There are fish families with copepods and families with few species of these parasites. The phyletic constraints could be due to the morphological characteristics of the habitat (e.g. structure of the gills) or biological/ecological characteristics that we were unable to identify. (2) It appears that the presence in a same environment of related fish species (e.g. several species of the same genus, or numerous genera of the same family) is correlated with high parasite richness. A likely explanation is that such situations favours alternated processes of lateral transfers and speciation. (3) Some eco-ethological criteria seem to favour the establishment of a large parasite species richness. It should be noted for instance that Mediterranean fishes the most often infected with copepods are generally nectonic or pelagic, migratory, and gregarious species.     

Ballast Water Risk Indication for the North Sea

The ballast water from ships carries marine organisms that have invasive potential. The International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Management Convention (2004) requires ballast water exchange or ballast water management (BWM) systems either onboard or ashore. Ships can be exempted on the basis of risk assessment, when exclusively sailing between specific ports or in an enclosed area. In reply to our questionnaire, the shipping sector argues that the North Sea is ecologically homogeneous and exemptions could therefore be granted. This paper proposes that the North Sea area is, in fact, not homogeneous in terms of hydrographical and biological conditions; therefore, ballast water is a relevant transport mechanism for organisms. Within the North Sea, the short shipping routes indicate a high risk for survival. We examined actual simulation models for ballast water risk assessment in the North Sea, and we have identified the major parameters that need to be included in such models. These models provided a basis; they further need to be combined and adapted for the purpose of evaluating the rationale for an exemption. We concluded that exemptions from BWM are not recommended for the North Sea area. Anticipating the Ballast Water Management Convention, ship owners might do well to study possibilities for installing BWM systems onboard.     

咪唑安定对豚鼠噪声性聋的保护作用

目的 通过检测豚鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和耳蜗中活性氧含量研究咪唑安定对噪声性聋的保护作用.方法 雄性杂色豚鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组(C组)、咪唑安定组(M组)、生理盐水组(S组)和噪声性聋组(D组),每组10只.M组、S组和D组每天接触倍频程连续噪声(中心频率为4kHz,强度为100dB SPL)3h,连续3d.M组于噪声暴露前24h、即刻及噪声暴露中肌肉注射咪唑安定0.1mg/kg;S组在相同时间肌肉注射等量的生理盐水;D组为单纯接触噪声对照组.C组不接触噪声仅肌肉注射咪唑安定,注射时间及剂量与M组相同.所有动物均于噪声暴露前及暴露后立即检测听性脑干反应(ABR)阈值,在噪声暴露前和噪声暴露第3天处死前,取血测定血清中SOD活性、MDA含量,于第3天测完ABR阈值后,立即断头处死豚鼠,取出双侧耳蜗,测定其活性氧含量.结果 噪声暴露后,M组的ABR阈移(1.6±1.5)及活性氧含量[(291.10±2.30)u/mL]显著低于S组和D组[41.7±3.3,44.3±3.9;(348.52±3.60)u/mL,(315.56±6.70)u/mL, P<0.05].M组在噪声暴露后血清SOD活性下降、MDA含量升高,但其幅度明显小于S组和D组.结论 咪唑安定可减少噪声暴露后耳蜗中增多的活性氧含量,从而产生对噪声性耳蜗损伤的保护作用.     

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基于甘肃省特殊的地理区位，通过系统分析甘肃综合交通运输现状、存在的问题、公路交通的特点和在西北地区所具有的重要作用，提出了在全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会新的历史时期，甘肃省公路交通实现全面、协调、可持续发展的战略选择和战略实施重点。     

非线性两种群竞争反应扩散系统的渐近分析

利用微分方程的近代方法研究了生物数学中一类非线性两种群竞争模型的反应扩散系统奇摄动问题．假定其退化问题有正解，以及系统中相应的函数连续，利用微分不等式理论，讨论了初始边值问题的解的存在性和渐近性态，并得到了具有一致有效的解的估计．