海底隧道涌水量的预测及其应用

海底隧道深埋于海水以下，处于高水压富水区，涌水是海底隧道的最大威胁。涌水量预测是海底隧道防排水设计和施工措施制定的依据。采用理论分析方法，推导了均质围岩中海底隧道注浆圈外表面、衬砌外水压力及涌水量的理论解析公式，并分析了涌水量与各量值之间的关系。通过对地下水渗流场数学模型研究，采用等效连续介质模型用数值方法分析了隧道渗流场的分布，计算出海底隧道的每延米涌水量，并与理论解析解进行了对比分析。结果表明：海底隧道的涌水量不仅与围岩和注浆圈的渗透系数的比值关系密切，而且还与隧道的半径、远场水压力、注浆圈的半径有关；数值计算所得结果与理论解析公式计算得到的涌水量基本一致；为了确保海底隧道施工及运营的安全，应采取“以堵为主，限量排放”的治水方案。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区桥梁混凝土施工温度控制

针对青藏高原腹地多年冻土区恶劣自然环境和多年冻土独特工程特性条件下桥梁施工对混凝土提出的技术要求 ,通过热工计算 ,推导混凝土施工过程中各阶段的温度控制指标、措施和一些规律 ,对青藏铁路多年冻土区桥梁混凝土施工及其它严寒地区混凝土施工具有指导意义。     

滑行艇静水阻力的估算方法

本文将国内诸滑行艇模型试验资料与D.T.M.B.62系列资料作了对比,发现尽管两者的艇型及试验条件都不一样,但在艇型主要因素间的某些关系及阻力特性方面有一定联系。若它们的L_σ/B_(σx)、A/2/3、X_g及F_n保持相同或相当,且β=13°～17°,B_(σT)/B_(σx)=0.7～0.8,A_σ=45.5％L_σ～48.5％L_σ,则可利用62系列的阻力资料,并引进 7％的修正系数,就可预报国内艇型的阻力性能。在F_n<4.2范围内,其估算结果是偏于安全的。 文中给出了滑行艇阻力估算图谱,其适用范围为L_σ/B_(σx)=3.0～7.0,A/2/3=5.0～9.0,F_n=2.0～4.0,X_g=8％L_(σo)。另外,还给出了双桨、三桨、四桨滑行艇的附件阻力因子,供设计使用。     

Preloading of independent leg units at locations with difficult seabed conditions

This paper, based on analyses of case histories, reviews soil conditions causing sudden uncontrolled leg penetrations, together with site data needed to plan safe installations of jack-up drilling units. Punch-through-like failure in uniform clay profile is analysed. Preloading procedures aimed at minimizing potential damage to the unit are suggested and discussed.     

外高桥新港区顺岸码头工程水环境质量影响预测数学模型

本文在外高桥顺岸码头工程水环境现状评价的基础上,采用沿水深积分平均的二维水流水质数学模型,结合一定的定解条件,建立了预测该项工程对周围水环境影响的水质数学模型。采用ADI数值计算方法离散控制方程,考虑到顺岸码头下游3km的上海合流污水竹园排放口工程,预测计算工程建成后产生的污染源对评价区水域的水质影响。计算时,主要讨论了化学耗氧量(COD_(Mn))的浓度增量。本模型也可以推广应用于其他河口、海岸流场和浓度场的计算预测研究。     

上海与舟山市建立联合港区的设想

为了适应改革开放的新形势,上海港正在积极兴建新的万吨级泊位,同时对老码头进行技术改造,建立新作业区,鼓励货主自建专用码头和筹建新港区等。但作者认为,由于受长江口航道的水深限制,上海港难以成为西太平洋的枢纽大港。为了充分发挥上海市的优势,又弥补自然条件的不足,作者建议上海与拥有自然深水区域的毗邻舟山市开展横向合作,在舟山岛西南的野鸭山水域建立联合港区,建议由上海的电力企业、海运局、港务局和舟山市建立煤炭联运集团,由上海的钢铁企业、远洋运输公司、港务局、梅山钢铁公司和舟山市建立钢铁矿石联运集团。     

锚泊时船舶放链长度的确定及其实用图表

本文给出了船舶锚泊时所受到的风作用力、水作用力和放出锚链长度的计算公式,以及实用数表和曲线图,可供查取。数表和曲线是根据文中确定的如下关系式编绘:L_b≈1/2Ln;L≈1.5L。(其中L_b——卧底锚链长度;L_n——悬垂锚链长度;L——放出锚链总长度)。十一例实船计算表明,根据上式计算结果,与目前国内外通用的方法确定的放链长度相符。利用这些数表和曲线图,既可合理地确定不同海况下船舶所应放出的锚链长度,也可减少起锚时的功率消耗和缩短起锚时间。     

水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究

为了研究超空泡的减阻效果,保证在较低流速下生成超空泡,在水洞中开展了水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究.采用通气的方法在较低水速下(V=7-15 m/s)生成人工通气超空泡,通过改变通气率和弗洛德数,获得了不同条件下通气空泡的长度,给出了通气空泡长度与通气率及弗洛德数的经验公式.研究表明,来流速度不变时,空泡长度随通气率的增加而增加,空泡长度一定时,通气率随弗洛德数的增加而减少;重力场造成了空泡形态的严重不对称,通过比较相同空化数下自然空泡与通气空泡的长度,定量地给出了弗洛德数对通气空泡长度的影响.当Fr=43.74时,重力场对通气空泡长度的影响几乎可以忽略.     

Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere–ice–water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic

Climatic changes in the Northern Hemisphere have led to remarkable environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean, which is surrounded by permafrost. These changes include significant shrinking of sea-ice cover in summer, increased time between sea-ice break-up and freeze-up, and Arctic surface water freshening and warming associated with melting sea-ice, thawing permafrost, and increased runoff. These changes are commonly attributed to the greenhouse effect resulting from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration and other non-CO₂ radiatively active gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The greenhouse effect should be most pronounced in the Arctic where the largest air CO₂ concentrations and winter–summer variations in the world for a clean background environment were detected. However, the air–land–shelf interaction in the Arctic has a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere; as the permafrost thaws, a significant amount of old terrestrial carbon becomes available for biogeochemical cycling and oxidation to CO₂. The Arctic Ocean's role in determining regional CO₂ balance has been ignored, because of its small size (only  4% of the world ocean area) and because its continuous sea-ice cover is considered to impede gaseous exchange with the atmosphere so efficiently that no global climate models include CO₂ exchange over sea-ice. In this paper we show that: (1) the Arctic shelf seas (the Laptev and East-Siberian seas) may become a strong source of atmospheric CO₂ because of oxidation of bio-available eroded terrestrial carbon and river transport; (2) the Chukchi Sea shelf exhibits the strong uptake of atmospheric CO₂; (3) the sea-ice melt ponds and open brine channels form an important spring/summer air CO₂ sink that also must be included in any Arctic regional CO₂ budget. Both the direction and amount of CO₂ transfer between air and sea during open water season may be different from transfer during freezing and thawing, or during winter when CO₂ accumulates beneath Arctic sea-ice; (4) direct measurements beneath the sea ice gave two initial results. First, a drastic pCO₂ decrease from 410 μatm to 288 μatm, which was recorded in February–March beneath the fast ice near Barrow using the SAMI-CO₂ sensor, may reflect increased photosynthetic activity beneath sea-ice just after polar sunrise. Second, new measurements made in summer 2005 beneath the sea ice in the Central Basin show relatively high values of pCO₂ ranging between 425 μatm and 475 μatm, values, which are larger than the mean atmospheric value in the Arctic in summertime. The sources of those high values are supposed to be: high rates of bacterial respiration, import of the Upper Halocline Water (UHW) from the Chukchi Sea (CS) where values of pCO₂ range between 400 and 600 μatm, a contribution from the Lena river plume, or any combination of these sources.