Seventy Minutes Plus or Minus 10 — A Review of Travel Time Budget Studies

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review of travel-time budget (TTB) studies in the literature for about the past four decades. Starting with the concept of TTBs, it discusses both the studies that support the existence of TTB and also those that deem the concept to be unfounded. Sociodemographic variables and their relation to TTB are also discussed briefly. However, as past studies use different data sources, survey techniques, and methodology for analysis, cross comparison of studies is not possible. Most importantly, the underlying cause of the regularity that is found at an aggregate level is still not known. The idea of TTB is important because, if it exists, it would mean that the total time spent on travelling per person per day will remain unchanged in spite of all improvements to transport. TTB has immense implications for transport policies and it is usually ignored. The paper also explores the available theoretical explanation of this concept, past research gaps and new analysis potentials. Recent directions in TTB studies are also discussed together with the potential use of multiday multiyear panel data in TTB research to explore the phenomenon better than before.     

既有线提速接触网恒张力放线问题及对策

本文从放线原理入手,对恒张力放线和小张力放线进行了对比分析;在总结恒张力放线优点的基础上,结合既有线提速电气化施工的实际情况,就恒张力放线在施工中存在的问题提出了一些改进建议和对策.     

内燃机车励磁恒压调节装置电路设计

介绍内燃机车励磁恒压调节装置的功能，详细叙述了该装置的过压、欠压和过流保护电路原理，阐述了利用脉宽调制来控制输出的电压值和电流值的方法。TPZ25型恒压励磁调节装置现已运用在160km/h“曙光号”内燃动车上，在国内内燃机车供电系统属首次研制。     

多目标格序决策方法在应急物资调拨中心选址中的应用

应急物资调拨中心选址往往以时间效益最大化为主要目标,但同时也涉及到经济、社会、安全和生态环境等众多因素。在时间效益十分接近的情况下,综合因素的考虑会使得"不可公度性"和"矛盾性"时刻存在,再有决策者的不确定性偏好关系也会导致很难对备选方案进行绝对化的优劣排序。本文引入多目标格序决策方法,避免了决策者偏好关系的不确定性,打破了一直以来采用中间值、平均值代替评价值而不考虑评价值分布问题的做法。通过对应急物资调拨中心备选方案的格序化排序,选取最优方案,体现了格序决策方法在微差异性方案比选中的优势。最后应用该决策方法对某地区4个备选方案进行评价,得出结果与实际情况一致,证明该决策方法的适用性。     

舰船综合电力系统负载稳定性分析

文章以舰船综合电力系统典型结构为研究对象，利用状态空间平均法分析了负载特性对系统稳定性的影响，并给出了负载稳定的解析判据。在分析中，首次考虑了整流发电机等效内电阻及内电感对系统的影响，分析结果对判断舰船综合电力系统负载稳定性以及指导系统设计具有重要意义，也为整个综合电力系统的静态稳定性分析提供了范例。     

预应力锚索格构加固在工程中的应用

近些年来,随着国内经济建设大规模的展开,预应力锚索格构加固在岩土工程诸多领域得到了广泛应用。以山西省某工程实例为背景,针对预应力锚索格构加固在实际工程中的分析与设计,进行了较为详细的阐述。     

格子气模型在地铁站人群疏散运动中的应用

基于格子气模型思想,引入高程因素,建立了模拟地铁站人员疏散的扩展非均匀格子气模型.该模型考虑紧急情况下人员的移动特征,引入多格子方法,根据人员实时步长确定人员移动速度.文中考虑了人员初始分布对疏散过程的影响,同时分析了紧急疏散出口对疏散的作用.利用该模型模拟了人有出口偏好的人员疏散过程和火灾情况下人员疏散过程,算例结果表明,适度地使用紧急疏散出口能提高疏散效率,高程因素的引入也促进了疏散进程.     

Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.     

基于Profibus-DP总线的复卷机控制系统设计

复卷机是足造纸机械中的重要配套设备,其性能的好坏直接影响到成品纸卷的质量,其控制功能的先进性关系到造纸厂的生产能力。本文提出了一种基于PROFIBUS—DP现场总线的复卷机传动控制系统,采用新一代直流传动装置DCS500和交流传动装置ACS800对2500复卷机进行了应用。     

恒定荷载对海工高性能混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

通常混凝土构件均处于受力状态,而对自由状态的混凝土试件开展耐久性研究很难真实地反映出混凝土构件的耐久性状况。本研究采用施加恒定压荷载和弯曲荷载的方式,研究荷载对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。结果表明:混凝土试件纯受弯段的氯离子浓度随弯曲应力水平的提高而增大,且混凝土内的氯离子渗透深度随应力水平的增加而增大。试件距暴露面相同深度处的氯离子浓度随着压应力水平的提高先减少后增大。混凝土试件的氯离子扩散系数随压应力水平提高而先减少后增大,压应力水平较低时可提高混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能。对于典型的海洋工程高性能混凝土配合比,混凝土试件的弯曲应力与其恒定荷载影响因子之间呈近似指数函数关系,在混凝土结构耐久性设计中应考虑弯曲荷载对氯离子扩散系数的影响。