Application of new parameterizations of gas transfer velocity and their impact on regional and global marine CO2 budgets

One of the dominant sources of uncertainty in the calculation of air–sea flux of carbon dioxide on a global scale originates from the various parameterizations of the gas transfer velocity, k, that are in use. Whilst it is undisputed that most of these parameterizations have shortcomings and neglect processes which influence air–sea gas exchange and do not scale with wind speed alone, there is no general agreement about their relative accuracy.The most widely used parameterizations are based on non-linear functions of wind speed and, to a lesser extent, on sea surface temperature and salinity. Processes such as surface film damping and whitecapping are known to have an effect on air–sea exchange. More recently published parameterizations use friction velocity, sea surface roughness, and significant wave height. These new parameters can account to some extent for processes such as film damping and whitecapping and could potentially explain the spread of wind-speed based transfer velocities published in the literature.We combine some of the principles of two recently published k parameterizations [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J. and Bock, E.J., 2002. A multiyear time series of global gas transfer velocity from the TOPEX dual frequency, normalized radar backscatter algorithm. In: Donelan, M.A., Drennan, W.M., Saltzman, E.S., and Wanninkhof, R. (Eds.), Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monograph 127. AGU,Washington, DC, 325–331; Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] to calculate k as the sum of a linear function of total mean square slope of the sea surface and a wave breaking parameter. This separates contributions from direct and bubble-mediated gas transfer as suggested by Woolf [Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] and allows us to quantify contributions from these two processes independently.We then apply our parameterization to a monthly TOPEX altimeter gridded 1.5° × 1.5° data set and compare our results to transfer velocities calculated using the popular wind-based k parameterizations by Wanninkhof [Wanninkhof, R., 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 7373–7382.] and Wanninkhof and McGillis [Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W., 1999. A cubic relationship between air−sea CO2 exchange and wind speed. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(13): 1889–1892]. We show that despite good agreement of the globally averaged transfer velocities, global and regional fluxes differ by up to 100%. These discrepancies are a result of different spatio-temporal distributions of the processes involved in the parameterizations of k, indicating the importance of wave field parameters and a need for further validation.     

潜艇动力系统能量使用及建模方法研究

为发挥好动力系统为战术服务的目的,根据潜艇动力系统的特性,对潜艇能量使用情况进行分析,按照能量使用的过程和工况特性对潜艇动力系统建模方法进行研究,指出了不同建模方法的优劣性,为建立准确的数学模型提供依据。     

高纯金属碲及其氧化物的制备方法概述

高纯碲和高纯二氧化碲是指产品纯度在4N以上的碲和二氧化碲,其广泛应用于传感器、太阳能电池、导电银浆、玻璃掺杂、红外探测等领域。高纯碲的制备方法主要有真空蒸馏法、区域熔炼法、直拉提纯法、水溶液还原法、电解法、萃取法等;高纯二氧化碲制备方法主要为化学法。本文介绍了高纯碲和高纯二氧化碲的主要制备方法及其特点,并对高纯碲和高纯二氧化碲的产业发展前景进行了展望。     

废蓄电池对环境的污染与回收利用

论述了废蓄电池对环境所造成的严重污染，介绍了废蓄电池综合利用与再生铅的提取方法，并就废蓄电池管理与回收的现状，提出了理顺废蓄电池的回收渠道、规范收购行为的合理化建议，指出在我国当前工业化的进程中要解决好节约资源、保护环境两大课题的重要性。     

便携式蓄电瓶快速测试仪的研制

介绍了大容量蓄电瓶快速测试仪的一种设计方案.     

锰对体内必需元素生物转运的影响

动物实验发现，锰可促进或妨碍某些必需元素如Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ和Ｃａ等的吸收、分布与排泄。职业人群调查也观察到锰对血液、头发和精液必需元素的影响。临床研究表明，锰对Ｍｇ、Ｃａ、Ｚｎ和Ｆｅ的影响与中毒的临床表现有关。揭示锰对体内必需元素的生物转运过程有干扰作用。     

电池管理系统的均衡设计

通过对电池管理系统中被动均衡和主动均衡的效果比较,阐明主动均衡可以大大减小电池组中单体电池一致性的差异,从而提高电池组的使用效率。     

“公交优先”战略下清远市公交发展研究

交通拥堵和交通污染问题是近年来引人关注的问题,特别是交通碳减排已成为发达国家碳减排的重点领域,而优先发展公交系统对解决上述问题具有重大的现实意义。在总结和阐述公交优先发展的内涵和意义的基础上,以清远市公交系统为研究对象,总结和分析了"公交优先"战略下清远市公交发展现状和问题,提出了清远市公交优先发展的思路与具体做法,并根据现有情况规划了三种不同水平的公交优先发展情景方案,计算了三种方案下二氧化碳的排放量。结果显示:公交很高吸引力的方案比一般吸引力的方案每年少排二氧化碳38.9万t,年度减排直接效益为2 723万元,节约能源的直接效益为12.5亿元。最后提出了清远市公交优先发展的政策建议。     

连接片阻值对电动汽车用动力电池性能的影响

鉴于单体电池间连接片的阻值和极柱的位置影响单节电池的性能,基于Matlab/Simscape开发了单体电池模型,并利用此模型和以电阻模拟的连接片构建了单节电池模型,仿真分析了连接片阻值对单节电池性能的影响。结果表明,连接片的存在使与极柱相连的单体电池最先达到电池管理系统设定的放电截止电压,以致影响电池的性能;与极柱相连的单体电池的率先老化导致与其相邻的单体电池出现过放电的现象,影响单节电池的安全性。最后,设定各单体电池SOC间最大偏差为0.05,对不同并联电池数目的单节电池进行仿真,得出连接片与电池欧姆内阻阻值的合理比例。