浅谈建设永久性农村公路的设想

文章针对农村公路测设与施工的情况，从平面线形、公路纵断面线形、平纵面线形组合、路基与排水等方面提出建设永久性农村公路的设想。     

What drives people to accept automated vehicles? Findings from a field experiment

This field study aims at understanding the influence of direct experience of an automated vehicle (AV, Level 3) and explaining and predicting public acceptance of AVs through a psychological model. The model includes behavioral intention (BI) to use self-driving vehicles (SDVs, Level 5), willingness to re-ride (WTR) in our AV (Level 3), and their four potential determinants, namely perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), trust related to SDVs, and perceived safety (PS) while riding in our AV. The last two determinants are largely ignored, but we consider them critical in the context of AVs. Three-hundred students were invited as participants (passengers) to experience the AV. The trust, PU, PEU, and BI of the participants were recorded prior to their experiencing the AV; after this experience, all the constructs of the psychological model were recorded. The participants’ experience with the AV was found to increase their trust, PU and PEU (but not BI), the consistency between PU/PEU and BI, and the explanatory power of BI. The model explained 55% of the variance in BI and 40% in WTR. PU, trust, and PS were found to be steady and direct predictors of both the acceptance measures; PEU predicted BI only after the participants’ AV experience. Mediation analysis showed that trust also can indirectly affect AV acceptance through other determinants. Out-of-sample prediction confirmed the model’s predictive capability for AV acceptance. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

工学结合模式下高职院校思想政治理论课教学改革探析

思政课一直以来受到中央和教育部高度的重视,同时也肩负育人重任。工学结合模式对思政课的教学提出了更高的要求,有了更多的期待,但是目前高职院校的思政课存在着教学内容的独特性有待提高、教学形式的多样性有待加强、教学目的的针对性有待明确等问题,须改进教学模式,才能适应不断发展的教学环境。高职院校应在遵循理论结合实际、素质教育、明确教育理念等原则的基础上进行教学改革,使思政课成为学生喜爱并终身受益的课程。     

Finite element based meta-modeling of ship-ice interaction at shoulder and midship areas for ship performance simulation

The climate change has made the transit through Arctic area more feasible, which demands reliable methods to evaluate ship performance. Ship performance in ice is a cross-scale problem, where the desired output such as ship speed lies in larger scale while the actual ship-ice interaction happens in smaller scale. Due to insufficient knowledge in ice mechanics and the demand for computational efficiency, existing approaches for modelling ship-ice interaction from ship performance perspective are mostly either (semi-) empirical, or simplified analytical, with reduced dimensions and extensively simplified mechanics. This paper presents a novel approach to model ship-ice interaction, which maintains the accuracy of the modelling with Finite Element Method (FEM) in ship-ice interaction scale, while being computationally very cheap, therefore is capable to be applied in ship scale simulations. The ice failure is firstly qualitatively investigated through full-scale and model-scale observations, as well as a numerical simulation with Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). The model is then simplified and executed by Abaqus to automatically run a large database. A neural network is used to fit the results to get a simulation-free tool for ship-ice interaction calculation. Finally, the uncertainty in the results due to an important assumption is quantified. The results show that the obtained neural network fits the database with excellent performance. Therefore, it can be applied in ship scale simulations with improved accuracy compared to empirical or analytical approaches.     

An empirical investigation on consumers’ intentions towards autonomous driving

Major steps towards implementation of autonomous and connected transport are being taken nowadays. The trend of automation technology being used in vehicles by the most important vehicle manufacturing industries is expected to move closer to high or fully Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) through technological advancements in sectors of robotics and artificial intelligence. Vehicles with autonomous driving capabilities are planning to be available on market, in full scale, in the next years. In the longer term substantial benefits are mainly expected for accessibility to transport, safety, traffic flow, emissions, fuel use and comfort. All these potential societal benefits will not be achieved unless AVs are accepted and used by a critical mass of people. Addressing these challenges, this paper: (a) proposes a technology acceptance modelling process by extending the original Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explain and predict consumers’ intensions towards AVs, (b) based on the proposed TAM-extended framework, a 30-question survey was conducted in order to investigate the factors influencing consumers’ intensions to use and accept AVs. Results show that the constructs of perceived usefulness, perceived ease to use, perceived trust and social influence, are all useful predictors of behavioral intentions to have or use AVs, with perceived usefulness having the strongest impact. The insights derived from this study could significantly contribute to ongoing research related to technology acceptance of AVs and are expected to allow automobile industries to improve their design and technology.     

A model and optimization-based heuristic for the operational aircraft maintenance routing problem

This paper investigates the Operational Aircraft Maintenance Routing Problem (OAMRP). Given a set of flights for a specific homogeneous fleet type, this short-term planning problem requires building feasible aircraft routes that cover each flight exactly once and that satisfy maintenance requirements. Basically, these requirements enforce an aircraft to undergo a planned maintenance at a specified station before accumulating a maximum number of flying hours. This stage is significant to airline companies as it directly impacts the fleet availability, safety, and profitability. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we elucidate the complexity status of the OAMRP and we propose an exact mixed-integer programming model that includes a polynomial number of variables and constraints. Furthermore, we propose a graph reduction procedure and valid inequalities that aim at improving the model solvability. Second, we propose a very large-scale neighborhood search algorithm along with a procedure for computing tight lower bounds. We present the results of extensive computational experiments that were carried out on real-world flight networks and attest to the efficacy of the proposed exact and heuristic approaches. In particular, we provide evidence that the exact model delivers optimal solutions for instances with up to 354 flights and 8 aircraft, and that the heuristic approach consistently delivers high-quality solutions while requiring short CPU times.     

岩溶隧道衬砌施工缝排水设施可维护性试验研究

岩溶隧道普遍存在排水系统出现结晶的问题,造成隧道排水不畅、衬砌水压过大、渗漏加剧等问题,对隧道的运营使用和结构安全造成影响。为提高岩溶隧道排水设施的可维护性和减少结晶现象,依托岩溶地区隧道衬砌施工缝渗漏水处治工程实例进行实践和探讨。该隧道的4条施工缝在通车后出现严重的渗漏水问题,通车2年后进行引排处治,但是由于岩溶水的结晶造成排水系统堵塞失效而复漏。在第二次处治中,对原处治方案进行改进:采用防护涂料对混凝土基面和PVC管壁面进行疏水处理,以减少碳酸钙结晶的附着;预留检查孔,可结合工业内窥镜对排水管内的结晶和堵塞情况进行检查。通过处治后约半年周期的检查结果证明,经过改进处治后的衬砌施工缝中结晶的情况明显减少,且排水系统的可维护性也得到提高。     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

Determinants of airports’ environmental effects

Aviation is a fast growing sector with increasing environmental concerns linked to aircraft emissions at airports and noise nuisance. This paper investigates the factors affecting the annual environmental effects produced by a national aviation system. The environmental effects are computed using certification data for each aircraft-engine combination. Moreover, we also take into account for the amount of environmental effects that is internalized at the airport, mainly through noise regulation. We study a dataset covering information on Italian airports during the period 1999–2008. We show that a 1% increase in airport’s yearly movements yields a 1.05% increase in environmental effects, a 1% in aircraft size (measured in MTOW) gives rise to a 1.8% increase and a 1% increase in aircraft age generates a 0.69% increase in environmental effects. Similar results but with smaller magnitudes are observed if airport internalization is considered. Our policy implications are that the tariff internalizing the total amount of externality is about euro 180 per flight, while the tariff limiting only pollution is about euro 60 and the one reducing noise is about euro 110. Moreover, our airport examples show that managers should prefer to address additional capacity by increasing frequency rather than aircraft size, since the former strategy is more environmental friendly.     

高压旋喷桩防渗墙钻孔注水和压水试验检测对比研究

为保证土石围堰的渗流稳定性和减少渗水量,需要在堰体内施工防渗墙。高压旋喷桩由于施工速度快、成本低而在围堰防渗结构中广泛应用。采用钻孔压水和钻孔注水试验对高压旋喷桩防渗性进行检测,分析钻孔压水、钻孔常水头注水和钻孔降水头注水试验检测高压旋喷桩防渗墙渗透系数的试验原理和计算方法。在现场检测中选取若干根整体性较好的高压旋喷桩,在同一钻孔取芯孔内分别进行压水、常水头注水和降水头注水试验。通过对3种试验方法的渗透系数结果对比分析发现,在桩体通长整体性较好的情况下,三者得到的渗透系数比较接近,分段压水试验得出的渗透系数比通长注水试验的结果稍大,但没有量级上的差异。在桩体某段存在缺陷漏水点的情况下,分段压水试验能够发现桩体漏水点,通长注水试验可能难以准确发现桩体漏水部位,当取芯发现桩体不均匀时要避免采用通长注水试验。